1. 村松敬一郎編「茶の科学」朝倉書店 1991
2. 松崎芳郎編著「茶年表の世界史」八坂書房 2012
3. 林屋辰三郎著「日本の茶書１」平凡社 1995
4. 林屋辰三郎著「日本の茶書 2」平凡社 1996
5. 古田紹欽著「栄西 喫茶養生記」講談社学術文庫 2000
6. 岩間眞知子著「茶の医薬史ー中国と日本ー」株式会社思文閣出版 2009
7. 袴田勝弘編著「お茶の力 暮らしの中のお茶と健康」化学工業日報社 2003
8. NPO 法人 日本茶インストラクター協会 企画・編集 「日本茶のすべてがわかる本」社団法人農村村文化協会 2008
9. 伊奈和夫、坂田完三編「緑茶・中国茶・紅茶の化学と機能」㈱アイ・ケイコーポレーション 2007
10. 伊奈和夫、坂田完三, 富田勲、伊勢村護共編 [茶の化学成分と機能」弘学出版株式会社 2002
11. 村松敬一郎、小国伊太郎、伊勢村護、杉山公男、山本（前田）万里編「茶の機能 生体機能の新たな可能性」㈱学会出版センター 2002
12. Eng Q Y, Thanikachalam P V, Ramamurthy S. Molecular understanding of Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) in cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2018, 210, 296-310
13. Yang C S, Wang H. Cancer preventive activities of tea catechins. Molecules. 2016, 21, E1679
14. Li C, Lee M-J, Sheng S, Meng X, Prabhu S, Winnik B, Huang B, Chung J Y, Yan S, Ho C-T, Yang C S. Structural identification of two metabolites of catechins and their kinetics in human urine and blood after tea ingestion. Chem. Res. Toxicol. 2000, 13, 177−184
15. Kohri T, Matsumoto N, Yamakawa M, Suzuki M, Nanjo F, Hara Y, Oku N. Metabolic fate of (−)-[4-3H]epigallocatechin gallate in rats after oral administration. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2001, 49, 4102−4112
16. Unno T, Tamemoto K, Yayabe F, Kakuda T, Urinary excretion of 5-(3',4'-dihydroxyphenyl)-g-valerolactone, a ring-fission metabolite of (-)-epicatechin, in rats and its in vitro antioxidant activity. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2003, 51, 6893-6898
17. Kohri T, Suzuki M, Nanjo F. Identification of Metabolites of (-)-Epicatechin Gallate and Their Metabolic Fate in the Rat. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2003, 51, 5561-5566
18. Luca C, Daniele D R, Maria L C, Lorenzo M, Furio B. Updated bioavailability and 48h excretion profile of flavan-3-ols from green tea in humans. Int. J. Food Sci. Nutr. 2011, 1-9
19. Sang S, Yabg C S. Structural identification of novel glucoside and glucuronide metabolites of (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate in mouse urine using liquid chromatography/electrospray. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 2008, 22, 3693-3699
20. Llorach R, Garrido I, Monagas M, Urpi-Sarda M, Tulipani S, Bartolome B, Andres-Lacueva C. Metabolomics study of human urinary metabolome modifications after intake of almond (Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D.A. Webb) skin polyphenols. J. Prot. Res. 2010, 9, 5859-5867
21. Sanchez-Patan F, Cueva C, Monagas M, Walton G E, Gibson G R, Martín-Alvarez P J, Victoria Moreno-Arribas M, Bartolome B. Gut microbial catabolism of grape seed flavan-3-ols by human faecal microbiota. Targetted analysis of precursor compounds, intermediate metabolites and end-products. Food Chem. 2012, 131, 337-347
22. Iso H, Date C, Wakai K, Fukui M, Tamakoshi A, JACC Study Group. The relationship between green tea and total caffeine intake and risk for self-reported type 2 diabetes among Japanese adults. Ann. Intern. Med. 2006, 144, 554-562
23. Fukino Y, Ikeda A, Maruyama K, Aoki N, Okubo T, Iso H. Randomized controlled trial for an effect of green tea-extract powder supplementation on glucose abnormalities. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 2008, 62, 953-960
24. Ryu O H, Lee J, Lee K W, Kim H Y, Seo J A, Kim G, Kim N H, Baik S H, Choi D S, Choi K M. Effects of green tea consumption on inflammation, insulin resistance and pulse wave velocity in type 2 diabetes patients. Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract. 2006, 71, 356-358
25. Tsuneki H, Ishizuka M, Terasawa M, Wu J B, Sasaoka T, Kimura I. Effect of green tea on blood glucose levels and serum proteomic patterns in diabetic (db/db) mice and on glucose metabolism in healthy humans. BMC Pharmacol. 2004, 4, 18
26. Honda M, Nanjo F, Hara Y. Inhibition of Saccharide Digestive Enzymes by Tea Polyphenols. Agric. Biol. Chem.1990, 9, 83-89
27. Wang Y, Huang S, ShaoS, Qian l, Xu P. Studies on bioactivities of tea (Camellia sinensis L.) fruit peel extracts: Antioxidant activity and inhibitory potential against α-glucosidase and α-amylase in vitro. Industrial. Crops. Products. 2012, 37, 520-526
28. Anderson R A, Polansky M M. Tea enhances insulin activity. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2002, 50, 7182-7186
29. Waltner-L M E, Wang X L, Law B K, Hall R K, Nawano M, Granner D K. Epigallocatechin gallate, a constituent of green tea, represses hepatic glucose production. J. Biol. Chem. 2002, 277, 34933-34940
30. Collins Q F, Liu H Y, Pi J, Liu Z, Quon M J, Cao W. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), a green tea polyphenol, suppresses hepatic gluconeogenesis through 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase. J. Biol. Chem. 2007, 282, 30143-30149
31. Yasui K, Tanabe H, Okada N, Fukutomi R, Ishigami Y, Isemura M. Effects of catechin-rich green tea on gene expression of gluconeogenic enzymes in rat hepatoma H4IIE cells. Biomed. Res. 2010, 31, 183-189
32. Saltiel A R, Kahn C R. Insulin signaling and the regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism. Nature. 2001, 414, 799–806
33. Phielix E, Mensink M. Type 2 diabetes mellitus and skeletal muscle metabolic function.Physiol Behav. 2008, 94, 252-258
34. DeFronzo R A, Tripathy D. Skeletal Muscle Insulin Resistance Is the Primary Defect in Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2009, 32(Suppl 2), S157–S163
35. Winder W.W. Energy-sensing and signaling by AMP-activated protein kinase in skeletal muscle. J Appl. Physiol. 2001, 91, 1017-1028
36. Ueda M, Nishiumi S, Nagayasu H, Fukuda I, Yoshida K, Ashida H. Epigallocatechin gallate promotes GLUT4 translocation in skeletal muscle. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2008, 377, 286-90
37. Zhang Z F, Liang Q J, Dai X Q, Ding Y, Wang J B, Li Y. Epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate (EGCG) protects the insulin sensitivity in rat L6 muscle cells exposed to dexamethasone condition. Phytomedicine, 2010, 17, 14-18
38. Hara Y. Prophylactic functions of tea. ASC symp.ser. 1994, 547, 34-50
39. Gupta J, Siddique Y H, Beg T, Ara G, Afzal M. A review on the benefical effects of tea polyphenols on human health. Int.J.Pharmacol. 2008, 4, 314-338
40. Naghma K, Hasan M. Tea polyphenols for health promotion. Lif.Sci. 2007, 81, 519-533
41. Carmen C, Reyes A, Rafael G. Benefical effects of green tea- A review. J Am.Coll.Nutr. 2006, 25, 79-99
42. Lee M-J, Wang Z-Y, Li H, Chen L, Sun Y, Gobbo S, Balentine D A, Yang, C S. Analysis of plasma and urinary tea polyphenols in human subjects. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomerk. Prev. 1995, 4, 393–399
43. Okushio K, Matsumoto N, Kohri T, Suzuki M, Nanjo F, Hara Y. Absorption of tea catechins into rat portal vein. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 1996, 19, 326–329
44. Unno T, Takeo T. Absorption of (-)-epigallocatechin gallate into circulation system of rats. Biosci. Biotech. Biochem. 1995, 59, 1558–1559
45. Yang C S, Chen L, Lee M-J, Balentine D, Kuo M C, Schantz S P. Blood and urine levels of tea catechins after ingestion of different amounts of green tea by human volunteers. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomark. Prev. 1998, 7, 351–354
46. Unno T, Kondo K, Itakura H, Takei T. Analysis of (-)-epigallocatechin gallate in human serum obtained after ingesting green tea. Biosci. Biotech. Biochem. 1996, 60, 2066–2068
47. Nakagawa K, Miyazawa T. Absorption and distribution of tea catechin, (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate, in the rat. J. Nutr. Sci. Vitaminol. 1997, 43, 679 - 684
48. Suganuma M, Okabe S, Oniyama M, Tada Y, Ito H, Fujiki H. Wide distribution of [3H](-)-epigallocatechin gallate, a cancer preventive tea polyphenol, in mouse tissue. Carcinogenesis, 1998, 19, 1771–1776
49. Kida K, Suzuki M, Matsumoto N, Nanjo F, Hara Y. Identification of biliary metabolites of (-)-epigallocatechin gallate in rats. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2000, 48, 4151–4155
50. Sang S, Lambert J D, Hong J, Tian S, Lee M-J, Stark R E, Ho C-T, Yang C S. Synthesis and structure identification of thiol conjugates of (-)-epigallocatechin gallate and their urinary levels in mice. Chem. Res. Toxicol. 2005, 18, 1762 –1769
51. Sang S, Lee M-J, Yang I, Buckley B, Yang C S. Human urinary metabolite profile of tea polyphenols analyzed by liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry with data-dependent acquisition. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 2008, 22, 1567–1578
52. Wang L-Q, Meselhy M R, Li Y, Nakamura N, Min B-S, Qin G-W, Hattori M. The heterocyclic ring fission and dehydroxylation of catechins and related compounds by Eubacterium sp. Strain SDG-2, a human intestinal bacterium. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 2001, 49, 1640–1643
53. Hattori M. Metabolism of epicatechin 3-O-gallate and epicatechin 3-O-gallate by human intestinal flora. Proceedings of 2001 International Conference on O-CHA (Tea) Culture and Science, Session III Health and Benefits. 2001, October 5-8, 38- 41
54. Meselhy M R, Nakamura N, Hattori M. Biotransformation of (-)-epicatechin 3-O-gallate by human intestinal bacteria. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1997, 45, 888 – 893
55. Auger C, Mullen W, Hara Y, Crozier A. Bioavailability of Polyphenon E flavan-3-ols in humans with an lleostomy 1-4. J. Nutr. 2008, 138, 1535s-1542s
56. Griffiths L A. Mammalian metabolism of flavonoids. In The Flavonoids: Advances in Research; Harbone, J. B., Mabry, T. J., Eds; Chapman and Hall: London, 1982, 681-718
57. Hackett A M, Griffiths L A. The metabolism and excretion of 3-O-mrthyl-(+)-catechin in the rat, mouse, and marmoset. Drug. Metab.Dispos. 1981, 9 54-59
58. Meng X, Sang S, Zhu N, Lu H, Sheng S, Lee M-J, Ho C-T, Yang C S. Laboratory for Identification and Characterization of Methylated and Ring-Fission Metabolites of Tea Catechins Formed in Humans, Mice, and Rats. Chem. Res. Toxicol. 2002, 15, 1042–1050
59. Mohd A A, Fahad I A-J, Abdullah M. A-M. Everted gut sac model as a tool in pharmaceutical research: limitations and applications J.Pharm. Pharmacol. 2012, 64, 326–336
60. Van der Hooft JJ, De Vos R C, Mihaleva V, Bino R J. Structural elucidation and quantification of phenolic conjugates present in human urine after tea intake. Anal. Chem. 2012, 84, 7263-7271
61. Vaidyanathan J B, Walle T. Cellular uptake and efflux of the tea flavonoid (-)epicatechin-3-gallate in the human intestinal cell line Caco-2. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 2003, 307, 745-752
62. Konishi Y, Kobayashi S, Shimizu M. Transepithelial transport of p-coumaric acid and gallic acid in Caco-2 cell monolayers. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 2003, 67, 2317-2324
63. Konishi Y, Kobayashi S. Transepithelial transport of chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, and their colonic metabolites in intestinal caco-2 cell monolayers. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2004, 52, 2518-2526
64. Sakamoto M, Takagaki A, Matsumoto K, Kato Y, Goto K, Benno Y. Butyricimonas synergistica gen. nov., sp. nov. and Butyricimonas virosa sp. nov., butyric acid-producing bacteria in the family ‘Porphyromonadaceae’ isolated from rat faeces. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 2009, 59, 1748-1753
65. Takagaki A, Nanjo F. Metabolism of (-)-epigallocatechin gallate by rat intestinal flora. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2010, 58, 1313-1321
66. Jin J-S, Zhao Y-F, Nakamura N., Akao T, Kakiuchi N, Min B-S, Hattori M. Enantioselective dehydroxylation of enterodiol and enterolactone precursors by human intestinal bacteria. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 2007, 30, 2113-2119
67. Jin J-S, Hattori M. Isolation and characterization of a human intestinal bacterium Eggerthella sp. CAT-1 capable of cleaving the C-ring of (+)-catechin and (-)-epicatechin, followed by p-dehydroxylation of the B-ring. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 2012, 35, 2252–2256
68. Kutschera M, Engst W, Blaut M, Braune A. Isolation of catechin-converting human intestinal bacteria. J. Appl. Microbiol. 2011, 111, 165-175
69. Takagaki A, Nanjo F. Manufacture of 5-phenyl-4-hydroxyvaleric acid and/or 5-phenyl-g-valerolactone from catechin derivatives with microorganisms. Jpn Tokkyo Koho, 2011 JP 2011087486
70. Maruo T, Sakamoto M, Ito C, Toda T, Benno Y. Adlercreutzia equolifaciens gen. nov., sp. nov., an equol-producing bacterium isolated from human faeces, and emended description of the genus Eggerthella. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 2008, 58, 1221–1227
71. Minamida K, Tanaka M, Abe A, Sone T, Tomita F, Hara H, Asano K. Production of equol from daidzein by gram-positive rod-shaped bacterium isolated from rat intestine. J. Biosci. Bioeng. 2006, 102, 247–250
72. Minamida K, Ota K, Nishimukai M, Tanaka M, Abe A, Sone T, Tomita F, Hara H, Asano K. Asaccharobacter celatus gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from rat caecum. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 2008, 58, 1238–1240
73. Jin J-S, Nishihara T, Kakiuchi N, Hattori M. Biotransformation of c-glucosylisoflavone puerarin to estrogenic (3S)-equol in co-culture of two human intestinal bacteria. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 2008, 31, 1621–11625
74. Jin J-S, Kitahara M, Sakamoto M, Hattori M, Benno Y. Slackia equolifaciens sp. nov., a human intestinal bacterium capable of producing equol. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 2010, 60, 1721–1724
75. Matthies A, Blaut M, Braune A. Isolation of a human intestinal bacterium capable of daidzein and genistein conversion. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2009, 75, 1740–1744.
76. Altschul S F, Gish W, Miller W, Myers E W, Lipman D J. Basic local alignment search tool. J. Mol. Biol. 1990, 215, 403-410
77. Thompson J D, Higgins D G, Gibson T J, Clustal W. Improving the sensitivity of progressive multiple sequence alignment through sequence weighting, positions-specific gap penalties and weight matrix choice. Nucleic. Acids Res. 1994, 22, 4673-4680
78. Hall T A, BioEdit: a user-friendly biological sequence alignment editor and analysis program for Windows 95/98/NT. Nucl Acids Symp Ser 1999, 41, 95-98
79. Tamura K, Dudley J, Nei M, Kumar S. MEGA4: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis (MEGA) software version 4.0. Molecular Biology and Evolution 2007, 24, 1596-1599
80. Kimura M. A simple method for estimating evolutionary rates of base substitution through comparative studies of nucleotide sequences. J. Mol. Evo. 1980, 16, 111-120.
81. Ohno M, Okano I, Watsuji T, Kakinuma T, Ueda K, Beppu T. Establishing the independent culture of a strictly symbiotic bacterium Symbiobacterium thermophilum from its supporting Bacillus strain. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 1999, 63, 1083-1090
82. Ito K, Ishida H, Takagaki A, Nanjo F, Maruo T, Ito C. Metabolism of isoflavone from soy bean by Eggerthella sp. MT4s-5, Part 1 Metabolism of daidzein, glycitein, and genistein. The 128th Annual Meeting of the Pharmaceutical Society of Japan, Abstract 2, 2008, 87
83. Krumholz L R, Bryant M P. Eubacterium oxidoreducens sp. nov. requiring H2 or formate to degrade gallate, pyrogallol, phloroglucinol and quercetin. Arch. Microbiol. 1986, 144, 8-14
84. Stams A J M, Bok F A M, Plugge C M, Eekert M H A., Dolfing J, Schraa G. Exocellular electron transfer in anaerobic microbial communities. Environ. Microbiol. 2006, 8, 371-382
85. Decroos K, Vanhemmens S, Boon S C N, Verstraete W. Isolation and characterization of an equol-producing mixed microbial culture from a human faecal sample and its activity under gastrointestinal conditions. Arch. Microbiol. 2005, 183, 45-55
86. Bolca S, Verstraete W. Microbial equol production attenuates colonic methanogenesis and sulphidogenesis in vitro. Anaerobe. 2010, 16, 247-252
87. Goto K, Kanaya S., Nishikawa T, Hara H, Terada A, Ishigami T, Hara Y. The influence of tea catechins on fecal flora of elderly residents in long-term care facilities. Annals of Long-Term Care. 1998, 6, 43-48
88. Thawornkuno C, Tanaka M, Sone T, Asano K. Biotransformation of daidzein to equol by crude enzyme from Asaccharobacter celatus AHU 1763 required an anaerobic environment. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 2009, 73, 1435-1438
89. Takagaki A, Kato Y, Nanjo F. Rat intestinal bacteria involved in biotransformation of (-)-epigallocatechin gallate. Arch. Microbiol. 2014, 196, 681–695
90. Wolfram S, Raederstorff D, Wang Y, Teixeira S R, Elste V, Weber P. TEAVIGOTM (Epigallocatechin Gallate) Supplementation Prevents Obesity in Rodents by Reducing Adipose Tissue Mass. Ann. Nutr. Metab. 2005, 49, 54-63
91. Matsumoto N, Ishigaki F, Ishigaki A, Iwashina H, Hara Y. Reduction of blood glucose levels by tea catechin. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 1993, 57, 525−527.
92. Igarashi K, Honma K, Yoshinaga O, Nanjo F, Hara Y. Effect of dietary catechins on glucose tolerance, blood pressure and oxidative status in Goto-Kakizaki rats. J. Nutr. Sci. Vitaminol. 2007, 53, 496-500
93. Henrik Ortsäter H, Grankvist N, Wolfram S, Kuehn N, Sjöholm A. Diet supplementation with green tea extract epigallocatechin gallate prevents progression to glucose intolerance in db/db mice. Nutr. Metab, 2012, 9, 11, DOI:10.1186/1743-7075-9-11
94. DeFronzo R A, Bonadonna R C, Ferrannini E. Pathogenesis of NIDDM. A balanced overview. Diabetes Care. 1992, 15, 318-368
95. Yamamoto N, Yamashita Y, Yoshioka Y, Nishiumi S, Ashida H. Rapid Preparation of a Plasma Membrane Fraction: Western Blot Detection of Translocated Glucose Transporter 4 from Plasma Membrane of Muscle and Adipose Cells and Tissues.Curr. Protoc. Protein. Sci., 2016, 85:29.18.1-29.18.12., DOI: 10.1002/cpps.13
96. Nishiumi S, Ashida H. Rapid Preparation of a Plasma Membrane Fraction from Adipocytes and Muscle Cells: Application to Detection of Translocated Glucose Transporter 4 on the Plasma Membrane. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 2007, 71, 2343–2346
97. Yamauchi T, Kamon J, Minokoshi Y, Ito Y, Waki H., Uchida S, Yamashita S, Noda M, Kita S, Ueki K, Eto K, Akanuma Y, Froguel P, Foufelle F, Ferre P, Carling D, Kimura S, Nagai R, Kahn B B, Kadowaki T. Adiponectin stimulates glucose utilization and fatty-acid oxidation by activating AMP-activated protein kinase. Nat Med. 2002, 8, 1288-1295
98. Faubert B, Vincent E E, Poffenberger M C, Jones R G. The AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and cancer: many faces of a metabolic regulator. Cancer Lett. 2015, 356, 165-170
99. Kim J, Yang G, Kim Y, Kim J, Ha J. AMPK activators: mechanisms of action and physiological activities. Experimental & Molecular Medicine. 2016, 48, e224; DOI:10.1038/emm.2016.16
100. Yamashita Y, Okabe M, Natsume M, Ashida H. Cacao liquor procyanidin extract improves glucose tolerance by enhancing GLUT4 translocation and glucose uptake in skeletal muscle. J. Nutr. Sci. 2012, vol 1, e2. DOI: 10.1017/jns.2012.2
101. Honda, M, Nanjo F, Hara Y. Inhibition of Saccharide Digestive Enzymes by Tea Polyphenols. Agric. Biol. Chem.1990, 9, 83-89
102. Wang Y et al. Studies on bioactivities of tea (Camellia sinensis L.) fruit peel extracts: Antioxidant activity and inhibitory potential against α-glucosidase and α-amylase in vitro. Industrial. Crops. Products. 2012, 37, 520-526
103. Anderson R A et al. Tea enhances insulin activity. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2002, 50, 7182-7186
104. Waltner-L, M.E et al. Epigallocatechin gallate, a constituent of green tea, represses hepatic glucose production. J. Biol. Chem. 2002, 277, 34933-34940
105. Han MK. Epigallocatechin gallate, a constituent of green tea, suppresses cytokineinduced pancreatic beta-cell damage. Exp Mol Med. 2003, 35, 136-139. [12754418]
106. Calani L, Del Rio D, Luisa Callegari M, Morelli L, Brighenti F. Updated bioavailability and 48 h excretion profile of flavan-3-ols from green tea in humans. Int. J. Food Sci. Nutr. 2012, 63(5), 513-521
107. Takagaki A, Nanjo. F. Catabolism of (+)-Catechin and (−)-Epicatechin by Rat Intestinal Microbiota. J. Agric. Food Chem 2013, 61, 4927−4935
108. Mena P, Bresciani L, Brindani N, Ludwig I A, Pereira-Caro G, Angelino D, Llorach R, Calani L, Brighenti F, Clifford M N, Gill C I R, Crozier A, Curtia C, Del Riobj D. Phenyl-γ-valerolactones and phenylvaleric acids, the main colonic metabolites of flavan-3-ols: synthesis, analysis, bioavailability, and bioactivity. Natural Product Reports. 10.1039/C8NP00062J
109. Borges G, Ottaviani J I, van der Hooft J J J, Hagen Schroeter, Crozier A. Absorption, metabolism, distribution and excretion of (−)-epicatechin: A review of recent finding. Molecular Aspects of Medicine, 2018, 61, 18-30
110. Takagak A, Yoshioka Y, Yamashita Y, NaganoT, Ikeda M, Hara-Terawaki A, Seto R, Ashida H. Effects of microbial metabolites of (--)-Epigallocatechin gallate on glucose uptake in L6 skeletal muscle cell and glucose tolerance in ICR mice. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 2019, 42, 212–221
111. Yamauch T, Kamon J, Ito Y, Tsuchida A, Yokomizu T, Kita S, Sugiyama T, Miyagishi M, Hara K、 Tsunoda M, Murakami K, Ohteki T, Uchida S, Takekawa S, Waki H, Nelson H. TsunoY, Shibata Y, Y Terauchi, Froguel P, Tobe K, Koyasu S, Taira K, Kitamura T, Shimizu T, Nagai R, Kodowaki T. Cloning of adiponectin receptors that mediate antidiabetic metabolic effects. Nature, 2003, 423, 762-769
112. Nathan L. Price Ana P. Gomes, Alvin J.Y. Ling, Filipe V. Duarte, Alejandro Martin-Montalvo, Brian J. North, Beamon Agarwal, Lan Ye, Giorgio Ramadori, Joao S. Teodoro, Basil P. Hubbard, Ana T. Varela, James G. Davis, Behzad Varamini, Angela Hafner, Ruin Moaddel, Anabela P. Rolo, Roberto Coppari, Carlos M. Palmeira, Rafael de Cabo, Joseph A. Baur, and David A. Sinclair, SIRT1 Is Required for AMPK Activation and the Beneficial Effects of Resveratrol on Mitochondrial Function. Cell Metabolism 2012, 15, 675–690
113. Zhang L, Wang Y, Li D, Ho C T, Li J, Wan X. The absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of procyanidins. Food Funct. 2016, 7, 1273-1281.
114. Maaike M. Appeldoorn, Jean-Paul Vincken, Anna-Marja Aura, Peter C. H. Hollman, Harry Gruppen. Procyanidin Dimers Are Metabolized by Human Microbiota with 2-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)acetic Acid and 5-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-γ-valerolactone as the Major Metabolites. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2009、57, 1084–1092
115. Duweler K G, Rohdewald P. Urinary metabolites of French maritime pine bark extract in humans. Pharmazie, 2000, 55, 364-368
116. Rohdewald P. A review of the French maritime pine bark extract (Pycnogenol), a herbal medication with a diverse clinical pharmacology. International journal of clinical pharmacology and therapeutics, 2002, 40, 158-168
117. Nanjo F, Honda M, Okushio K, Matsumoto N, Ishigaki F, Ishigami T, Hara Y. Effects of dietary tea catechins on α-tocopherol levels, lipid peroxidation, and erythrocyte deformability in rats fed on high palm oil and perilla oil diets. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 1993, 16, 1156−1159
118. Negishi H., Xu J-W, Ikeda K, Njelekela M, Nara Y, Yamori Y. Black and green tea polyphenols attenuate blood pressure increases in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats. J. Nutr. 2004, 134, 38−42
119. Del Rio D, Calani L, Cordero C, Salvantore S, Pellegrini N, Brighenti F. Bioavailability and catabolism of green tea flavan-3-olsin humans. Nutrition. 2010, 26, 1110−1116
120. Hase T, Komine Y, Meguro S, Takeda Y, Takahashi H, Matsui Y, Inaoka S, Katsuragi Y, Tokimitsu I, Shimasaki H, Itakura H. Anti-obesity effects of tea catechins in humans. J Oleo. Sci. 2001, 50, 599-605
121. Nagao T, Meguro S, Soga S, Otsuka A, Tomonobu K, Fumoto S, Chikama A, Mori K, Yuzawa M, Watanabe H, Hase T, Tanaka Y, Tokimitsu I, Shimasaki H, Itakura H. Tea catechins suppress accumulation of body fat in humans. J. Oleo. Sci. 2001, 50, 717-728
122. Mena P, Bresciani L, Brindani N, Ludwig I A, Pereira-Caro G, Angelino D, Llorach R, Calani L, Brighenti F, Clifford M.N, Gill C I R, Crozier A, Curtia C, Del Rio D. Phenyl-γ-valerolactones and phenylvaleric acids, the main colonic metabolites of flavan-3-ols: synthesis, analysis, bioavailability, and bioactivity. Natural Product Reports. 2019, 36, 714-752
123. Borges G, Ottaviani J I, Van der Hooft J J J, Schroeter H, Crozier A. Absorption, metabolism, distribution and excretion of (−)-epicatechin: A review of recent finding. Molecular Aspects of Medicine, 2018, 61, 18-30
124. Appeldoorn M M, Vincken J P, Aura A M, Hollman P C, Gruppen H. Procyanidin Dimers Are Metabolized by Human Microbiota with 2-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)acetic Acid and 5-(3', 4'-dihydroxyphenyl)-g-valerolactone as the Major Metabolites. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2009, 57, 1084–1092
125. Calani L, Del Rio D, Luisa Callegari M, Morelli L, Brighenti F. Updated bioavailability and 48 h excretion profile of flavan-3-ols from green tea in humans. Int. J. Food Sci. Nutr. 2012, 63, 513-521
126. Takagaki A, Otani S, Nanjo F. Antioxidative activity of microbial metabolites of (−)-epigallocatechin gallate produced in rat intestines. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 2011, 75, 582−585
127. Unno K, Pervin M, Nakagawa A, Iguchi K, Hara A, Takagaki A, Nanjo F, Minami A, Nakamura Y. Blood–Brain Barrier Permeability of Green Tea Catechin Metabolites and their Neuritogenic Activity in Human Neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y Cells. Mol. Nutr. Food Res. 2017, 61, ID: 1700294. DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201700294
128. Kim Y-H, Won Y-S, Yang X, Kumazoe M, Yamashita S, Hara A, Takagaki A, Goto K, Nanjo F, Tachibana H. Green Tea Catechin Metabolites Exert Immunoregulatory Effects on CD4+ T Cell and Natural Killer Cell Activities. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2016, 64, 3591−3597
129. Yang C. S, Lambert J D, Hou Z, Ju J, Lu G, Hao X. Molecular targets for the cancer preventive activity of tea polyphenols. Mol. Carcinog. 2006, 45, 431−435
130. Takagaki A, Nanjo F. Effects of Metabolites Produced from (−)-Epigallocatechin Gallate by Rat Intestinal Bacteria on Angiotensin I‑Converting Enzyme Activity and Blood Pressure in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2015, 63, 8262−8266
論文の公開元へ
