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Acknowledgements

This study was conducted under the Earth Simulator Proposed Research Project with title

High Resolution General Circulation Simulation of Venus and Mars Atmosphere using AFES.

The work is partly supported by JSPS KAKENHI grants Numbers JP19H01971, JP19H05605,

JP20K04062, and JP20K04064. Authors thank to Ms. Hinako Onuma who provided analysed

data to produce Supplementay Fig. 4, while the original data was produced in this study.

Author contributions

N.S. developed the high-resolution version of AFES-Venus with a help of M.T. and

performed numerical experiments. N.S. analysed obtained data with a help of Y.F. and

H.K. Y.F. created Figs. 1–5 and Supplementary Figs. 1–3 and 5 with a help of N.S. on the

platform of GFD-DENNOU Library. N.S. created Supplementary Figs. 4 and 6 on the

same platform. All the authors including K.N., T.K., and Y.-Y.H. contributed to the

theoretical interpretations.

Competing interests

The authors declare no competing interests.

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Additional information

Supplementary information The online version contains supplementary material

available at https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-24002-1.

Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to N.S.

Peer review information Nature Communications thanks Peter Read, Robert Wilson and

the other, anonymous, reviewer for their contribution to the peer review of this work.

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