1. Internet World Stat. World Internet Usage And Population Statistics. 2019 June 30 [cited 2019 August 12]; Available from: https://internetworldstats.com/stats.htm.
2. Megan, M., Media Use in School-Aged Children and Adolescents. Pediatrics, 138(5): p.1-6, 2016.
3. 総務省.情報通信統計データベース令和元年版情報通信白書.令和元年7月 [cited 2019 August 12]; Available from: http://www.soumu.go.jp/johotsusintokei/whitepaper/r01.html
4. Naslund, J.A., et al., The future of mental health care: peer-to-peer support and social media. Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci, 25(2): p.113–122, 2016.
5. Borghese, M.M., et al., Mediating role of television time, diet patterns, physical activity and sleep duration in the association between television in the bedroom and adiposity in 10 year-old children. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act, 12(1): p.60, 2015.
6. Jacobsen, W.C., et al., The Wired Generation: Academic and Social Outcomes of Electronic Media Use Among University Students. Cyberpsychology, Behav Soc Netw, 14(5): p.275–280, 2011.
7. Litt, D.M., et al., Adolescent alcohol-related risk cognitions: The roles of social norms and social networking sites. Psychol Addict Behav, 25(4): p.708–713, 2011.
8. Mitchell, K.J., et al., Trends in Youth Reports of Sexual Solicitations, Harassment and Unwanted Exposure to Pornography on the Internet. J Adolesc Heal, 40(2): p.116–126, 2007.
9. 文部科学省. 「ネット上のいじめ」に関する対応マニュアル・事例集(学校・教員向け). 平成20年11月 [cited 2019 August 12]; Available from: http://www.mext.go.jp/b_menu/houdou/20/11/08111701/001.pdf
10. Young, K.S., Psychology of computer use: XL. Addictive use of the Internet: a case that breaks the stereotype. Psychol Rep, 79: p.899-902, 1996.
11. Riegler, F.M., Trapped in the net. Eur Surg, 42(5): p.201–202, 2010.
12. Young, K.S., Internet Addiction : The Emergence of a New Clinical Disorder. CyberPsychology Behav, 1(3): p.237–244, 1996.
13. Young, K.S.,et al., The Relationship Between Depression and Internet Addiction. CyberPsychology Behav, 1(1): p.25–28, 1998.
14. American Psychiatric A, American Psychiatric Association DSMTF. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders : DSM-5. 5th ed: American Psychiatric Pub; 2013.
15. Weinstein, A., et al., Internet addiction or excessive internet use. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse, 36(5): p.277–283, 2010.
16. Liu, T.C., et al., Problematic internet use and health in adolescents: Data from a high school survey in Connecticut. J Clin Psychiatry, 72(6): p.836–845, 2011.
17. Mihajlov, M., et al., Internet addiction: A review of the first twenty years. Psychiatr Danub, 29(3): p.260–272, 2017.
18. Moreno, M., et al., Problematic internet use among US Youth:A Systematic Review. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med, 165(9): p.797–805, 2011.
19. Bakken, I.J., et al., Personality and Social Sciences Internet addiction among Norwegian adults : A stratified probability sample study. Scand J Psychol, 50(2): p.121-127, 2009.
20. Durkee, T., et al., Prevalence of pathological internet use among adolescents in Europe : Demographic and social factors Prevalence of pathological internet use among adolescents in Europe : demographic and social factors. Addiction, 107(12): p.2210-2222, 2012.
21. Wu, X., et al., Prevalence and Factors of Addictive Internet Use among Adolescents in Wuhan, China: Interactions of Parental Relationship with Age and Hyperactivity-Impulsivity. PLoS One, 8(4): p.4–11, 2013.
22. Park, S. K., et al., Prevalence of Internet addiction and correlations with family factors among South Korean adolescents. Adolescensce, 43(172): p.895-909, 2008.
23. Mak, K.K., et al., Epidemiology of Internet Behaviors and Addiction Among Adolescents in Six Asian Countries. Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw, 17(11): 720-728, 2014.
24. Takahashi, M., et al., Prevalence of pathological and maladaptive Internet use and the association with depression and health-related quality of life in Japanese elementary and junior high school-aged children. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol, 53(12): p.1349-1359, 2018.
25. Griffiths, M., A ‘components’ model of addiction within a biopsychosocial framework. J Subst Use, 10(4): p.191-197, 2005.
26. Li, W., et al., Diagnostic criteria for problematic internet use among U.S. university students: A mixed-methods evaluation. PLoS One, 11(1): p.1-14, 2016.
27. Caplan, S.E., Relations Among Loneliness, Social Anxiety, and Problematic Internet Use. CyberPsychology Behav, 10(2): p.234–242, 2007.
28. Spada, M.M., An overview of problematic Internet use. Addict Behav, 39(1): p.3-6, 2014.
29. Larose, R., et al., A Social Cognitive Theory of Internet Uses and Gratifications: Toward a New Model of Media Attendance. J Broadcast Electron Media, 48(3): p.358–377, 2004.
30. Li, M., et al., A twin study of problematic internet use: Its heritability and genetic association with effortful control. Twin Res Hum Genet, 17(4): p.279–287, 2014.
31. Ko, C.H.,et al., The association between Internet addiction and psychiatric disorder: A review of the literature. Eur Psychiatry, 27(1): p.1-8, 2012.
32. Ho,R.C., et al., The association between internet addiction and psychiatric co-morbidity: A meta-analysis. BMC Psychiatry, 14(1): p.183, 2014.
33. Yoo, H.J., et al., Attention deficit hyperactivity symptoms and Internet addiction. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci, 58(5): p.487–494, 2004.
34. Christakis, D.A., et al., Problematic internet usage in US college students: A pilot study. BMC Med, 9(1): p.77, 2011.
35. Jelenchick, L.A., et al., Screening for Adolescent Problematic Internet Use: Validation of the Problematic and Risky Internet Use Screening Scale (PRIUSS). Acad Pediatr, 15(6): p.658–665, 2015.
36. Kaess, M., et al., Pathological Internet use among European adolescents: psychopathology and self-destructive behaviours. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 23(11): p.1093–1102, 2014.
37. Ko, C.H., et al., Predictive Values of Psychiatric Symptoms for Internet Addiction in Adolescents. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med, 163(10): p.937, 2009.
38. Chen, Y.L., ADHD and autistic traits, family function, parenting style, and social adjustment for Internet addiction among children and adolescents in Taiwan: A longitudinal study. Res Dev Disabil, 39(7): p.20-31, 2015.
39. Ra, C.K., Association of Digital Media Use With Subsequent Symptoms of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Among Adolescents. JAMA, 320(3): p.255-263, 2018.
40. Madigan, S., et al., Association Between Screen Time and Children’s Performance on a Developmental Screening Test. JAMA Paediatr, 173(3): p.244-250, 2019.
41. Weiss, M.D., et al., The screens culture: Impact on ADHD. ADHD Atten Deficit Hyperact Disord, 3(4): p.327-334, 2011.
42. Lam, L.T., et al., Effect of Pathological Use of the Internet on Adolescent Mental Health. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med, 164(10): p.901-906, 2010.
43. Ceyhan, A.A., et al., Loneliness, Depression, and Computer Self-Efficacy as Predictors of Problematic Internet Use. CyberPsychology Behav, 11(6): p.699-701, 2008.
44. Thorsteinsson, E.B., et al, Adolescents’ Compulsive Internet Use and Depression: A Longitudinal Study. Open J Depress, 3(1): p.13-17, 2014.
45. Lau, J.T.F., et al., Bidirectional predictions between Internet addiction and probable depression among Chinese adolescents. J Behav Addict, 7(3): p.633-643, 2018.
46. Patton, G.C., et al., Adolescence and the next generation. Nature, 554(7693): p.458-466, 2018.
47. Sawyer, S.M., et al., Viewpoint The age of adolescence. Lancet child Adolesc Heal, 2(18): p.223-228, 2018.
48. Patton, G.C., et al., Our future: a Lancet commission on adolescent health and wellbeing. Lancet, 387(10036): p.2423-2478, 2016.
49. Kessler, R.C., et al., Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of mental disorders in the World Health Organization’s World Mental Health Survey Initiative. World Psychiatry, 6(3): p.168-176, 2007.
50. Wadsworth, M., et al., Cohort profile: The 1946 National Birth Cohort (MRC National Survey of Health and Development). Int J Epidemiol, 35(1): p.49-54, 2006.
51. Fraser, A., et al., Cohort profile: The avon longitudinal study of parents and children: ALSPAC mothers cohort. Int J Epidemiol, 42(1): p.97-110, 2013.
52. 森田正哉, et al., 疫学研究発展の長期展望. 精神科, 30(3): p.227-231, 2017.
53. Ando, S., et al., Cohort Profile : The Tokyo Teen Cohort study (TTC). Int J Epidemiol, 48(5): p.1414-1414g, 2019.
54. Fisher, H.L., et al., Lonely young adults in modern Britain: findings from an epidemiological cohort study. Psychol. Med, 49(2): p.268-277, 2018.
55. Meerkerk, G.J., et al., The Compulsive Internet Use Scale (CIUS): Some Psychometric Properties. CyberPsychology Behav, 12(1): p.1-6, 2009.
56. Goodman, R., The strengths and difficulties questionnaire: A research note. J Child Psychol Psychiatry Allied Discip, 38(5): p.581-586, 1997.
57. Rescorla, L., et al., International epidemiology of child and adolescent psychopathology II: Integration and applications of dimensional findings from 44 societies. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 51(12): p.1273-1283, 2012.
58. Matsuishi, T., et al., Scale properties of the Japanese version of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ): A study of infant and school children in community samples. Brain Dev, 30(6): p.410-415, 2008.
59. Nikkelen, S.W.C., et al., Media use and ADHD-related behaviors in children and adolescents: A meta-analysis. Dev Psychol, 50(9): p.2228-2241, 2014.
60. Angold, A., et al., Development of a Short Questionnaire for Use in Epidemiological Studies op Depression in Children and Adolescents. Int J Methods Psychiatr Res, 5: p.237-249, 1995.
61. Thabrew, H.,et al., Validation of the Mood and Feelings Questionnaire (MFQ) and Short Mood and Feelings Questionnaire (SMFQ) in New Zealand help-seeking adolescents. Int J Methods Psychiatr Res, 27(3): p.1-9, 2018.
62. Kidger, J., et al., Adolescent self-harm and suicidal thoughts in the ALSPAC cohort: A self-report survey in England. BMC Psychiatry, 12, 2012.
63. Gámez-Guadix, M., Depressive Symptoms and Problematic Internet Use Among Adolescents: Analysis of the Longitudinal Relationships from the Cognitive–Behavioral Model. Cyberpsychology Behav Soc Netw, 17(11): p.714-719, 2014.
64. George, M.C.A.L., et al., Socioeconomic Determinants of Psychological Well-Being: The Role of Income, Income Change, and Income Sources Over 29 Years. Ann Epidemiol, 18(7): p.531-537, 2008.
65. Schoeler, T., et al., Association between continued cannabis use and risk of relapse in first-episode psychosis a quasi-experimental investigation within an observational study. JAMA Psychiatry, 73(11): p.1173-1179, 2016.
66. Magee, C.A., et al., Bidirectional relationships between sleep duration and screen time in early childhood. JAMA Pediatr, 168(5): p.465-470, 2014.
67. Enders, C.K., et al., The relative performance of full information maximum likelihood estimation for missing data in structural equation models. Struct Equ Model, 8(3): p.430-457, 2001.
68. Hu, L.T., et al., Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Struct Equ Model, 6(1): p.1-55, 1999.
69. Matsuishi, T., et al., Scale properties of the Japanese version of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ): A study of infant and school children in community samples. Brain&Development, 30(6): p.410-415, 2008.
70. Yen, J.Y., et al ., The Association between Adult ADHD Symptoms and Internet Addiction among College Students: The Gender Difference. CyberPsychology Behav, 12(2): p.187-191, 2008.
71. Chen, Q., et al., Does multitasking with mobile phones affect learning? A review. Comput. Human Behav, 54: p.34-42, 2016.
72. Takeuchi, H., et al., Impact of frequency of internet use on development of brain structures and verbal intelligence: Longitudinal analyses. Hum Brain Mapp, 39(11): p.4471-4479, 2018.
73. Agnew-Blais, J.C., et al., Evaluation of the persistence, remission, and emergence of Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in young adulthood. JAMA Psychiatry, 73(7): p.713-720, 2016.
74. Diamond, A., Attention-deficit disorder (attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder without hyperactivity): a neurobilogically and behaviorally distinct disorder from attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (with hyperactivity). Dev. Psychopathol, 17: p.807-825, 2005.
75. Wang, B., et al., The association between attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and internet addiction: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Psychiatry, 17(1): p.260, 2017.
76. Klassen, A.F., et al., Health-related quality of life in children and adolescents who have a diagnosis of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Pediatrics, 114(5): p.541-547, 2004.
77. Vaillancourt, T., et al., Longitudinal links between childhood peer victimization, internalizing and externalizing problems, and academic functioning: Developmental cascades. J Abnorm Child Psychol, 41(8): p.1203-1215, 2013.
78. Gámez-Guadix, M., et al., Risky online behaviors among adolescents: Longitudinal relations among problematic Internet use, cyberbullying perpetration, and meeting strangers online. J Behav Addict, 5(1): p.100-107, 2016.
79. van den Eijnden, R.J.J.M., et al., Online communication, compulsive internet use, and psychosocial well-being among adolescents: A longitudinal study. Dev Psychol, 44(3): p.655-665, 2008.