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Evolution of self-interacting axion around rotating black holes

Omiya, Hidetoshi 京都大学 DOI:10.14989/doctor.k24404

2023.03.23

概要

Axions are well-motivated particles beyond the Standard Model in a variety of contexts.
They were originally proposed as a solution to the strong CP problem [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7],
and then noticed to be a good candidate for dark matter [8, 9, 10, 11, 12]. In addition,
string theory naturally predicts plentitude of axions in its low energy sector [13, 14, 15, 16],
which is called axiverse scenario [15]. In the axiverse scenario, axions can have Compton
wavelengths in various scales, up to cosmological scales. In this thesis, we focus on the
axions in the string theory (string axion) with the Compton wavelength in the range
of astrophysical scales. In such cases, axions are expected to cause various interesting
astrophysical phenomena, which are detectable by gravitational wave observations [15, 17].
We consider an axion field around a rotating black hole. Similar to the famous Penrose
process [18, 19], a bosonic field can extract the energy and the angular momentum from
the rotating black hole. This energy extraction mechanism is called superradiance [20,
21, 22, 23, 24, 25]. Note that the axion is bounded by the gravitational potential of
the black hole, owing to its mass. Therefore, the axion which extracted energy from
the black hole does not dissipate to infinity. Therefore, the bounded axion accumulates
around the black hole, which implies instability. This instability is called superradiant
instability [26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 25], and its time scale can be much shorter than the age
of the Universe when the Compton wavelength of the axion is comparable to the size
of the black hole. Due to the superradiant instability, the axion would spontaneously
form a macroscopic condensate around the rotating black hole. In this thesis, we call the
macroscopic condensate of the axion an axion condensate. For the special case when the
axion condensate is composed of the single unstable mode, we refer it as an axion cloud.
The presence of the axion condensate allows us to detect the axion through gravitational wave observations. Since the axion condensate grows by extracting the rotational
energy of the black hole, the existence of the axion implies the spin-down of the black
hole [17, 31]. The spin-down by the axion might be observed through the distribution of
the black hole spin. In addition, the axion condensate has the quadrupole moment and
thus radiates continuous gravitational waves. Observation of the characteristic gravitational waves can also verify the axion [32, 33, 34, 35, 36].
Several effects can have an impact on the evolution of the axion condensate. These
effects include the axion self-interaction [17, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42], the tidal interaction
in binary systems [43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49], and interactions with other fields [50, 51].
The axion self-interaction is particularly interesting among these effects. For example, if
the self-interaction is attractive, the condensate is thought to collapse when it becomes
dense [37, 39]. ...

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