リケラボ論文検索は、全国の大学リポジトリにある学位論文・教授論文を一括検索できる論文検索サービスです。

リケラボ 全国の大学リポジトリにある学位論文・教授論文を一括検索するならリケラボ論文検索大学・研究所にある論文を検索できる

リケラボ 全国の大学リポジトリにある学位論文・教授論文を一括検索するならリケラボ論文検索大学・研究所にある論文を検索できる

大学・研究所にある論文を検索できる 「Structure and Dynamic Processes in Lithosphere-Asthenosphere Boundary Zones Decoded by Geothermobarometry of Spinel Peridotite Xenoliths」の論文概要。リケラボ論文検索は、全国の大学リポジトリにある学位論文・教授論文を一括検索できる論文検索サービスです。
リケラボ

コピーが完了しました

URLをコピーしました

論文の公開元へ論文の公開元へ
書き出し

Structure and Dynamic Processes in Lithosphere-Asthenosphere Boundary Zones Decoded by Geothermobarometry of Spinel Peridotite Xenoliths

佐藤, 侑人 東京大学 DOI:10.15083/0002004724

2022.06.22

概要

The Lithosphere-Asthenosphere boundary, LAB, can be defined based on thermal, chemical, rheological, and petrological contrasts, and knowing its depth is crucial to understanding mantle dynamics. I attack this problem by examining spinel peridotite xenoliths from Ichinomegata maar in the back-arc side of Northeast Japan Arc and Tafraoute maar in the marginal area of African continent. Accurate estimation of depths of spinel peridotite xenoliths from Ichinomegata maar, for which reliable geobarometers are not available, is presented first. Then, the reconstruction of deformation history and thermal history in the LAB zone beneath Ichinomegata is conducted to reveal the dynamic processes operated there by decoding deformation microstructures related to spinel lamellae in pyroxenes and chemical diffusion profiles in pyroxene. And finally, the structure and dynamic processes in the LAB zone beneath the marginal area of African continent is revealed by the depth estimation of the xenoliths from Tafraoute maar, in the Middle Atlas Mountains.

　Extensive mineral compositions of nine xenolith samples from Ichinomegata maar revealed various patterns of chemical zoning in pyroxenes, suggesting diverse thermal histories. I examined the timescales of development of each zoning pattern and identified minerals, grain portions, and components closely approached equilibrium just before xenolith extraction as orthopyroxene and clinopyroxene, the outermost rims, and Ca-Mg-Fe components, respectively. Applying the best pair of geothermobarometers to the chosen analyses, plausible derivation depths of eight samples were obtained. They range 0.66-2.1 GPa in pressure and 830-1090 °C in temperature, which define a high thermal gradient of ~7 K/km or ~230 K/GPa. There is an intimate correlation between the zoning patterns of pyroxenes and the depth estimates: pyroxenes in the deeper samples have zoning indicating cooling followed by heating just before xenolith extraction, and those of the shallower samples have zoning indicating monotonic cooling.

　Depth variations of rock microstructures, grain size of olivine, chemical compositions of minerals, and phase assemblage, including the presence or absence of glass or fluid phase, show that the mantle beneath Ichinomegata consists of two distinct layers. The shallower (26-27 km) layer is granular, less oxidized, amphibole- and plagioclase-bearing, and subsolidus, whereas the deeper (46-68 km) layer is porphyroclastic, amphibole- and plagioclase-free, oxidized, and partially molten. The contrasts between the two layers suggest that the upper layer represents a lithospheric mantle and the lower layer a LAB zone. These layers are similar to those reported from the bottom of subcontinental lithospheric mantle in various aspects, but the LAB beneath Ichinomegata is much shallower (45-70 km) and cooler (~1100 °C). The coincidence of (a) the depth of a rheological transition, marked granular to porphyroclastic textures, and (b) the depth of a phase transition, from subsolidus hydrous peridotite to a hydrous mantle with melt in localized pockets, is the remarkable feature of the LAB beneath Ichinomegata. This suggests that a rheological boundary zone in arc settings is governed by melting of the hydrous mantle and that the underlying asthenosphere is partially molten. The depth- dependent thermal history shown by chemical zoning in pyroxenes and the presence of melt as pockets suggest that the LAB beneath Ichinomegata was in a transient state that was affected by thermal and material transport.

　Deformation history of the nine spinel peridotite xenoliths from Ichinomegata was decoded from deformation microstructure related to spinel lamellae and spinel blebs and thermal history recorded in the chemical zoning profiles of pyroxenes. The spinel blebs are spinel grains with rounded morphology occurring in minerals mostly in contact with clinopyroxene or orthopyroxene with abundant spinel lamellae. Their distributions are continuous even at the interface, but their morphology abruptly changes at the interface. Extensive examination of crystallographic orientations of lamellae minerals, spinel blebs, and their host minerals revealed consistent topotaxic orientation relation in them. The spinel lamellae exhibit two types of topotaxy with their host pyroxenes. One of the {111}SPL is parallel to the (100)CPX&OPX, one of the <011>SPL is parallel to the [010]CPX&OPX, and one of the <112>SPL is parallel to the [001]CPX&OPX. The other is {111}SPL is parallel to (1 01)CPX, <011>SPL is parallel to [010]CPX, and <112>SPL is parallel to [101]CPX. The spinel blebs and the lamellae-hosting pyroxenes are not in topotaxy in a strict sense, but I can find a relationship closer to topotaxy. The spinel blebs irrespective of the host mineral and the spinel lamellae show approximately the same orientation. The continuous morphological change and the common crystallographic orientations of spinel blebs and spinel lamellae indicate that the spinel blebs were originally present as spinel lamellae and that grain boundary retreated from the original position accompanying advance of the contacting minerals.

　The intra-grain misorientation angles (KAM = kernel average misorientation and GAM = grain average misorientation), including subgrain boundaries, are very high in the clinopyroxene grain containing spinel lamellae but are low in those containing the spinel blebs, particularly in grains in contact with the lamellae-hosting grain. Such microstructure, the strain-free minerals partly surrounding the old and strained minerals, is typical “necklace structure” for materials experienced discontinuous dynamic recrystallization at high temperatures. The systematic depth variation of sample-mean KAM and GAM indicates a large-scale (1-10 kilometers) deformation structure of the mantle beneath Ichinomegata. They increase with depth and may attain local maxima near the bottom of lithospheric mantle at ~45 km depth, and then decrease in the LAB zone in ~45-70 km. The intra- grain strain of minerals in the LAB zone was partially relaxed by dynamic recrystallization. I conclude that the dynamic recrystallization implemented by the grain boundary migration was the deformation mechanism in the LAB zone. Contrary to this, deformation in the lithospheric mantle (~25-45 km) continued to form highly strained mantle and no significant grain boundary migration has occurred.

　The timing of the dynamic recrystallization marked by the presence of spinel blebs can be estimated by combining thermal and deformation history. Two stages of the thermal and deformation history are recognized. One is old and took place during cooling and the other is young and took place during heating following the cooling and drove dynamic recrystallization. Duration of both deformation stages at cooling and heating is quantitatively constrained by diffusion modeling to reproduce the chemical profiles of pyroxenes. From the above consideration, the whole mantle beneath Ichinomegata had once experienced ~14 million years of cooling to establish lithospheric mantle of ~25-70 km depths. Subsequently, the bottom part of the lithospheric mantle (~45-70 km) was heated up for ~16 thousand years to cause deformation by dynamic recrystallization and changed into LAB zone, which is regarded as lithosphere thinning. I conclude that the LAB zone beneath Ichinomegata was dynamically established by the drastic change of mantle rheology just before xenolith transportation.

　Estimation of pressures and temperatures of eight spinel peridotite xenoliths from Tafraoute maar in the Middle Atlas Volcanic Field was conducted in order to constrain structures and formation condition of shallow LAB zone in the continental margin where water contents of mantle are considered to be very low (< 0.01 wt.% H2O). It is, if solidus condition is required, either (1) high temperature (~1300 °C) enough to start partial melting of dry mantle or (2) hydration of mantle lowering the solidus condition or, if partial melting is no more needed, (3) rheological weakening of mantle without partial melting.

　Examination of chemical compositions revealed the wide variations of chemical zonings in olivine, orthopyroxene, and clinopyroxene. A wide range of thermal histories responsible to the chemical profiles were carefully decoded to identify minerals, grain portions, and components closely approached equilibrium just before xenolith extraction. One zoning type is found from zoning profile of Ca in olivine, three types from Ca profiles of orthopyroxene, and two types from Ca profiles of clinopyroxene. Correlation of these zoning profiles indicates three types of the xenolith thermal history; (1) simple cooling, (2) cooling followed by weak and short heating, and (3) cooling followed by weak and relatively long heating. In all of the xenoliths, the mineral parts and the components are olivine core, orthopyroxene rim, and clinopyroxene rim and Ca-Mg-Fe components of them. Applying four geothermobarometer pairs, pressures and temperature conditions of the xenolith were estimated. In them, the pressure estimations using a two-pyroxene geothermobarometer provided a split pressure distribution into two clusters depending on zoning types of clinopyroxene and extremely high pressures (1.8-4.9 GPa) probably due to the chemical compositions of clinopyroxene, most of which are far beyond the stability field of spinel peridotites. From these consideration, plausible pressures and temperatures were obtained using a Ca-in-Olivine geothermometer and an Orthopyroxene geothermobarometer. They range 1.0-2.1 GPa, 37-68 km, and 761-931 °C.

　On the basis of the estimated pressures of the xenoliths, thermal, chemical, petrological, rheological, and seismic structures of mantle beneath Tafraoute maar were reconstructed. The shallower part (37- 57 km) is characterized by low temperature, simple cooling, relatively high fertility and low refractoriness, porphyrclastic texture with finer grain size of olivine, low fabric intensities of mineral LPOs, high intra-grain misorientation angle, and low seismic velocity and anisotropy. And the deeper part (58-68 km) is by high temperature, cooling followed by heating, relatively low fertility and high refractoriness, appearance of interstitial melt, granular texture with coarse grain size of olivine, high fabric intensity of mineral LPOs, low intra-grain misorientation angle suggesting dynamic recrystallization, and low seismic velocity and anisotropy. In these structures, the deeper part (58-68 km) is recognized to be top of the LAB zone beneath Tafraoute maar by the deformation microstructure suggesting dynamic recrystallization and the high seismic anisotropy characterizing typical seismic LAB. Concurrences of (1) high temperatures exceeding water-saturated solidus of Grove et al. (2006), (2) the thermal history that is cooling followed by weak heating, (3) appearance of melt suggesting partial melting, (4) the drastic decrease of fertility, the increase of refractoriness, and the increase of olivine modal % causing the high seismic velocities, (5) the deformation microstructure suggesting dynamic recrystallization, and (6) the development of mineral LPO patterns which is main source of seismic anisotropy may indicate that the LAB zone beneath Tafraoute maar was dynamically formed by infiltration of melt which was induced by upwelling of hot asthenosphere.

論文の公開元へ

この論文で使われている画像

関連論文

関連論文をもっと見る

参考文献

Abe, S., and Yamamoto, M. (1999) Rb-Sr mineral isochron ages of mantle peridotite xenoliths from Ichinomegata and Kurose, Japan. Journal of Mineralogy, Petrology and Economic Geology, 94, 295-310 (in Japanese with an English abstract).

Abe, N., Arai, S., and Saeki, Y. (1992) Hydration processes in the arc mantle; petrology of the Megata peridotite xenoliths, the Northeast Japan arc. Journal of Mineralogy, Petrology and Economic Geology, 87, 305-317 (in Japanese with an English abstract).

Abe, N., Arai, S., and Ninomiya, A. (1995). Peridotite xenoliths and essential ejecta from the Ninomegata crater, the Northeastern Japan arc. Journal of Mineralogy, Petrology and Economic Geology, 90, 41-49 (in Japanese with an English abstract).

Abe, N., Arai, S., and Yurimoto, H. (1998) Geochemical characteristics of the uppermost mantle beneath the Japan island arcs: implications for upper mantle evolution. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, 107, 233-248.

Abramson, E. H., Brown, J. M., Slutsky, L. J., and Zaug, J. (1997). The elastic constants of San Carlos olivine to 17 GPa. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 102(B6), 12253- 12263.

Agashev, A.M., Ionov, D.A., Pokhilenko, N.P., Golovin, A.V., Cherepanova, Y., and Sharygin, I.S. (2013) Metasomatism in lithospheric mantle roots: Constraints from whole-rock and mineral chemical composition of deformed peridotite xenoliths from kimberlite pipe Udachnaya. Lithos, 160, 201-215.

Anderson, D.L. (1995) Lithosphere, asthenosphere, and perisphere. Reviews of Geophysics, 33, 125-149.

Aoki, K. (1971) Petrology of mafic inclusions from Itinome-gata, Japan. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 30, 314-331.

Aoki, K. (1987) Japanese Island arc: xenoliths in alkali basalts, high-alumina basalts, and calc- alkaline andesites and dacites. In P.H., Nixon, Ed., Mantle Xenoliths, p. 319-333. Wiley, NewYork.

Aoki, K. and Shiba, I. (1973) Pargasites in lherzolite and websterite inclusions from Itinome-gata, Japan. The Journal of the Japanese Association of Mineralogists, Petrologists and Economic Geologists, 68, 303-310.

Aoki, K. and Shiba, I. (1974) Olivines from lherzolite inclusions of Itinome-gata, Japan. Memories of the Geological Society of Japan, 11, 1-10.

Arai, S. (1994) Characterization of spinel peridotites by olivine-spinel compositional relationships: review and interpretation. Chemical geology, 113, 191-204.

Arai, S., Abe, N., and Ishimaru, S. (2007) Mantle peridotites from the Western Pacific. Gondwana Research, 11, 180-199.

Artemieva, I. M. (2009). The continental lithosphere: reconciling thermal, seismic, and petrologic data. Lithos, 109(1-2), 23-46.

Ave Lallemant, H.G., Mercier, J. C., Carter, N. L., and Ross, J. V. (1980). Rheology of the upper mantle: inferences from peridotite xenoliths. Tectonophysics, 70(1-2), 85-113.

Ballhaus, C., Berry, R.F., and Green, D.H. (1991) High pressure experimental calibration of the olivine-orthopyroxene-spinel oxygen geobarometer: implications for the oxidation state of the upper mantle. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 107, 27-40.

Baró, J., Sempau, J., Fernández-Varea, J. M., and Salvat, F. (1995). PENELOPE: an algorithm for Monte Carlo simulation of the penetration and energy loss of electrons and positrons in matter. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms, 100(1), 31-46.

Behr, W.M., and Hirth, G. (2014) Rheological properties of the mantle lid beneath the Mojave region in southern California. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 393, 60-72.

Bergmann, R., Chan, R. H., Hielscher, R., Persch, J., and Steidl, G. (2015). Restoration of manifold-valued images by half-quadratic minimization. arXiv preprint arXiv:1505.07029. Bertrand, P., and Mercier, J.C.C. (1985) The mutual solubility of coexisting ortho-and clinopyroxene: toward an absolute geothermometer for the natural system?. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 76, 109-122.

Borghini, G., Fumagalli, P., and Rampone, E. (2010) The stability of plagioclase in the upper mantle: subsolidus experiments on fertile and depleted lherzolite. Journal of Petrology, 51, 229-254.

Boyd, F.R. (1973) A pyroxene geotherm. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 37, 2533-2546.

Brady, J.B., and MacCallister, R.H. (1983) Diffusion data for clinopyroxenes from homogenization and self-diffusion experiments. American Mineralogist, 68, 95-105.

Brandon, A.D., Creaser, R.A., Shirey, S.B., and Carlson, R.W. (1996) Osmium recycling in subduction zones. Science, 272, 861-863.

Brey, G.P., and Köhler, T. (1990) Geothermobarometry in four-phase lherzolites II. New thermobarometers, and practical assessment of existing thermobarometers. Journal of Petrology, 31, 1353-1378.

Cameron, M., and Papike, J. J. (1981). Structural and chemical variations in pyroxenes. American Mineralogist, 66(1-2), 1-50.

Carslaw, H. S., & Jaeger, J. C. (1959). Conduction of heat in solids. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1959, 2nd ed.

Chai, M., Brown, J. M., and Slutsky, L. J. (1997). The elastic constants of an aluminous orthopyroxene to 12.5 GPa. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 102(B7), 14779- 14785.

Chakraborty, S. (2010) Diffusion coefficients in olivine, wadsleyite and ringwoodite. Reviews in mineralogy and geochemistry, 72, 603-639.

Cherniak, D.J., and Dimanov, A. (2010) Diffusion in pyroxene, mica and amphibole. Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry, 72, 641-690.

Cherniak, D. J., and Liang, Y. (2012). Ti diffusion in natural pyroxene. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 98, 31-47.

Choi, S. H., Jwa, Y. J., and Lee, H. Y. (2001). Geothermal gradient of the upper mantle beneath Jeju Island, Korea: Evidence from mantle xenoliths. Island arc, 10(2), 175-193.

Chu, X., and Korenaga, J. (2012) Olivine rheology, shear stress, and grain growth in the lithospheric mantle: Geological constraints from the Kaapvaal craton. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 333, 52-62.

Collins, M. D., and Brown, J. M. (1998). Elasticity of an upper mantle clinopyroxene. Physics and chemistry of minerals, 26(1), 7-13.

Coogan, L. A., Hain, A., Stahl, S., and Chakraborty, S. (2005). Experimental determination of the diffusion coefficient for calcium in olivine between 900 °C and 1500 °C. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 69(14), 3683-3694.

Cram, D. G., Zurob, H. S., Brechet, Y. J. M., and Hutchinson, C. R. (2009). Modelling discontinuous dynamic recrystallization using a physically based model for nucleation. Acta Materialia, 57(17), 5218-5228.

Czertowicz, T. A., Toy, V. G., and Scott, J. M. (2016). Recrystallisation, phase mixing and strain localisation in peridotite during rapid extrusion of sub-arc mantle lithosphere. Journal of Structural Geology, 88, 1-19.

Dalton, J. A., and Lane, S. J. (1996). Electron microprobe analysis of Ca in olivine close to grain boundaries: the problem of secondary X-ray fluorescence. American Mineralogist, 81(1-2), 194-201.

Danielson, D. T., Sparacin, D. K., Michel, J., and Kimerling, L. C. (2006). Surface-energy-driven dewetting theory of silicon-on-insulator agglomeration. Journal of applied physics, 100(8), 083507.

de Capitani, C., and Petrakakis, K. (2010). The computation of equilibrium assemblage diagrams with Theriak/Domino software. American Mineralogist, 95(7), 1006-1016.

Dimanov, A., and Sautter, V. (2000) “Average” interdiffusion of (Fe, Mn)-Mg in natural diopside. European Journal of Mineralogy, 12, 749-760.

Drury, M. R., and Urai, J. L. (1990). Deformation-related recrystallization processes. Tectonophysics, 172(3-4), 235-253.

Ehrenberg, S.N. (1979) Garnetiferous ultramafic inclusions in minette from the Navajo volcanic field. In F.R. Boyd and H.O.A. Meyer Ed., The Mantle Sample: Inclusion in Kimberlites and Other Volcanics, Volume 16, p. 330-344.

El Azzouzi, M. H., Maury, R. C., Bellon, H., Youbi, N., Cotten, J., and Kharbouch, F. (2010). Petrology and K-Ar chronology of the Neogene-Quaternary Middle Atlas basaltic province, Morocco. Bulletin de la société géologique de France, 181(3), 243-257.

El Messbahi, H., Bodinier, J. L., Vauchez, A., Dautria, J. M., Ouali, H., and Garrido, C. J. (2015). Short wavelength lateral variability of lithospheric mantle beneath the Middle Atlas (Morocco) as recorded by mantle xenoliths. Tectonophysics, 650, 34-52.

Fabriès, J. (1979) Spinel-olivine geothermometry in peridotites from ultramafic complexes. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 69, 329-336.

Falus, G., Tommasi, A., and Soustelle, V. (2011). The effect of dynamic recrystallization on olivine crystal preferred orientations in mantle xenoliths deformed under varied stress conditions. Journal of Structural Geology, 33(11), 1528-1540.

Fischer, K.M., Ford, H.A., Abt, D.L., and Rychert, C.A. (2010) The lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 38, 551-575.

Fleet, M. L., Bilcox, G. A., and Barnett, R. L. (1980). Oriented magnetite inclusions in pyroxenes from the Grenville Province. The Canadian Mineralogist, 18(1), 89-99.

Feinberg, J. M., Wenk, H. R., Renne, P. R., and Scott, G. R. (2004). Epitaxial relationships of clinopyroxene-hosted magnetite determined using electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) technique. American Mineralogist, 89(2-3), 462-466.

Frost, D.J., and McCammon, C.A. (2008) The redox state of Earth's mantle. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 36, 389-420.

Fullea, J., Fernàndez, M., Afonso, J. C., Vergés, J., and Zeyen, H. (2010). The structure and evolution of the lithosphere–asthenosphere boundary beneath the Atlantic–Mediterranean Transition Region. Lithos, 120(1-2), 74-95.

Fumagalli, P., Borghini, G., Rampone, and E., Poli, S. (2017) Experimental calibration of Forsterite-Anorthite-Ca-Tschermak-Enstatite (FACE) geobarometer for mantle peridotites. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 172, 19, doi: 10.1007/s00410-017-1352-2.

Ganguly, J., Ito, M., and Zhang, X. (2007) Cr diffusion in orthopyroxene: Experimental determination, 53Mn-53Cr thermochronology, and planetary applications. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 71, 3915-3925.

Ganguly, J., and Tazzoli, V. (1994). Fe2+-Mg interdiffusion in orthopyroxene: Retrieval from the data on intracrystalline exchange reaction. American Mineralogist, 79(9-10), 930-937.

Gasparik, T. (2003) Phase diagrams for geoscientists. An Atlas of the Earth's Interior, 462 p. Springer Ed.

Green, D.H. (1973) Experimental melting studies on a model upper mantle composition at high pressure under water-saturated and water-undersaturated conditions. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 19, 37-53.

Green, D.H., Hibberson, W.O., Kovács, I., and Rosenthal, A. (2010) Water and its influence on the lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary. Nature, 467, 448-451.

Griffin, W.L., Doyle, B.J., Ryan, C.G., Pearson, N.J., O'Reilly, S.Y., Davies, R., Kivi, K., Van Achterbergh, E., and Natapov, L.M. (1999) Layered mantle lithosphere in the Lac de Gras area, Slave craton: composition, structure and origin. Journal of Petrology, 40, 705-727.

Griffin, W.L., O'Reilly, S.Y., Natapov, L.M., and Ryan, C.G. (2003) The evolution of lithospheric mantle beneath the Kalahari Craton and its margins. Lithos, 71, 215-241.

Griffin, W. L., Graham, S., O'Reilly, S. Y., and Pearson, N. J. (2004). Lithosphere evolution beneath the Kaapvaal Craton: Re–Os systematics of sulfides in mantle-derived peridotites. Chemical Geology, 208(1-4), 89-118.

Grove, T.L., Chatterjee, N., Parman, S.W., and Médard, E. (2006) The influence of H2O on mantle wedge melting. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 249, 74-89.

Gung, Y., Panning, M., and Romanowicz, B. (2003). Global anisotropy and the thickness of continents. Nature, 422(6933), 707-711.

Hayashi, H. (1955). Volcanic ejecta around Ichinomegata, Oga peninsula, Akita prefecture. Journal of Geological Society of Japan, 61, 240-248 (in Japanese with a French abstract).

Harigane, Y., Mizukami, T., Morishita, T., Michibayashi, K., Abe, N., and Hirano, N. (2011) Direct evidence for upper mantle structure in the NW Pacific Plate: Microstructural analysis of a petit-spot peridotite xenolith. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 302, 194-202.

Henry, N. F. M. (1942). Lamellar structure in orthopyroxenes (With Plate IV). Mineralogical Magazine and Journal of the Mineralogical Society, 26(176), 179-189.

Herzberg, C., Asimow, P.D., Arndt, N., Niu, Y., Lesher, C.M., Fitton, J.G., Cheadle, M.J., and Saunders, A.D. (2007) Temperatures in ambient mantle and plumes: Constraints from basalts, picrites, and komatiites. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 8, 34, doi:10.1029/2006GC001390.

Herwegh, M., Berger, A., and Ebert, A. (2005). Grain coarsening maps: a new tool to predict microfabric evolution of polymineralic rocks. Geology, 33(10), 801-804.

Hess, H. H., and Phillips, A. H. (1940). Optical properties and chemical composition of magnesian orthopyroxenes. American Mineralogist: Journal of Earth and Planetary Materials, 25(4), 271-285.

Hidas, K., Falus, G., Szabó, C., Szabó, P. J., Kovács, I., and Földes, T. (2007). Geodynamic implications of flattened tabular equigranular textured peridotites from the Bakony-Balaton Highland Volcanic Field (Western Hungary). Journal of Geodynamics, 43(4-5), 484-503.

Hirschmann, M.M. (2000) Mantle solidus: Experimental constraints and the effects of peridotite composition. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 1, 26, doi:10.1029/2000GC000070. Hirschmann, M.M. (2010) Partial melt in the oceanic low velocity zone. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, 179, 60-71.

Hirth, G., and Kohlstedt, D.L. (1996) Water in the oceanic upper mantle: implications for rheology, melt extraction and the evolution of the lithosphere. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 144, 93-108.

Holness, M.B., Cheadle, M.J., and McKenzie, D. (2005) On the use of changes in dihedral angle to decode late-stage textural evolution in cumulates. Journal of Petrology, 46, 1565-1583.

Holness, M.B., Humphreys, M.C., Sides, R., Helz, R.T., and Tegner, C. (2012) Toward an understanding of disequilibrium dihedral angles in mafic rocks. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 117, 31, doi:10.1029/2011JB008902.

Honda, S. (2011). Planform of small‐scale convection under the island arc. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 12(11).

Huang, K., and Logé, R. E. (2016). A review of dynamic recrystallization phenomena in metallic materials. Materials & Design, 111, 548-574.

Huang, Z., Zhao, D., and Wang, L. (2011). Seismic heterogeneity and anisotropy of the Honshu arc from the Japan Trench to the Japan Sea. Geophysical Journal International, 184(3), 1428-1444.

Iwasaki, T., Levin, V., Nikulin, A., and Iidaka, T. (2013) Constraints on the Moho in Japan and Kamchatka. Tectonophysics, 609, 184-201.

Jaeger, J. C., and Carslaw, H. S. (1959). Conduction of heat in solids. Clarendon P.

Jaffe, H. W., Robinson, P., Tracy, R. J., and Ross, M. (1975). Orientation of pigeonite exsolution lamellae in metamorphic augite: correlation with composition and calculated optimal phase boundaries. American Mineralogist: Journal of Earth and Planetary Materials, 60(1-2), 9- 28.

Ji, S., Zhao, X., and Francis, D. (1994). Calibration of shear-wave splitting in the subcontinental upper mantle beneath active orogenic belts using ultramafic xenoliths from the Canadian Cordillera and Alaska. Tectonophysics, 239(1-4), 1-27.

Jung, H., Katayama, I., Jiang, Z., Hiraga, T., and Karato, S. I. (2006). Effect of water and stress on the lattice-preferred orientation of olivine. Tectonophysics, 421(1-2), 1-22.

Kaminski, E., and Ribe, N. M. (2001). A kinematic model for recrystallization and texture development in olivine polycrystals. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 189(3-4), 253- 267.

Karato, S. (1989). Grain growth kinetics in olivine aggregates. Tectonophysics, 168(4), 255-273.

Karato, S. (2010) Rheology of the deep upper mantle and its implications for the preservation of the continental roots: A review. Tectonophysics, 481, 82-98.

Karato, S. (2012) On the origin of the asthenosphere. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 321, 95-103.

Karato, S., Toriumi, M., and Fujii, T. (1980). Dynamic recrystallization of olivine single crystals during high‐temperature creep. Geophysical Research Letters, 7(9), 649-652.

Karato, S., Paterson, M. S., and FitzGerald, J. D. (1986). Rheology of synthetic olivine aggregates: influence of grain size and water. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 91(B8), 8151-8176.

Katsui, Y., Yamamoto, M., Nemoto, S., and Niida, K. (1979) Genesis of Calc-Alkalic Andesites from Oshima-Ōshima and Ichinomegata Volcanoes, North Japan. Journal of the Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University. Series 4, Geology and Mineralogy, 19, 157-168.

Katz, R.F., Spiegelman, M., and Langmuir, C.H. (2003) A new parameterization of hydrous mantle melting. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 4, 9, doi:10.1029/2002GC000433. Kawakatsu, H., and Utada, H. (2017). Seismic and electrical signatures of the lithosphere– asthenosphere system of the normal oceanic mantle. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 45.

Kawasaki, T., and Ito, E. (1994) An experimental determination of the exchange reaction of Fe2+ and Mg2+ between olivine and Ca-rich clinopyroxene. American Mineralogist, 79, 461-477. Kelley, K.A., Plank, T., Grove, T.L., Stolper, E.M., Newman, S., and Hauri, E. (2006) Mantle melting as a function of water content beneath back-arc basins. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 111, 27, doi:10.1029/2005JB003732.

Kern, H., and Tubia, J. M. (1993). Pressure and temperature dependence of P-and S-wave velocities, seismic anisotropy and density of sheared rocks from the Sierra Alpujata massif (Ronda peridotites, Southern Spain). Earth and planetary science letters, 119(1-2), 191-205.

Kil, Y., and Wendlandt, R. F. (2004). Pressure and temperature evolution of upper mantle under the Rio Grande Rift. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 148(3), 265-280.

Kimura, J., and Yoshida, T. (2006) Contributions of slab fluid, mantle wedge and crust to the origin of Quaternary lavas in the NE Japan arc. Journal of Petrology, 47, 2185-2232.

Kitamura, S. (1990) Ages of Megata maars in the Oga peninsula, Japan. Annals of The Tohoku Geographycal Asocciation, 42, 161-167 (in Japanese).

Klemme, S., and O'Neill, H.S. (2000) The effect of Cr on the solubility of Al in orthopyroxene: experiments and thermodynamic modelling. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 140, 84-98.

Kohn, M., and Spear, F. (1991) Error propagation for barometers 2. Application to rocks. American Mineralogist, 76, 138-147.

Köhler, T. P., and Brey, G. (1990). Calcium exchange between olivine and clinopyroxene calibrated as a geothermobarometer for natural peridotites from 2 to 60 kb with applications. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 54(9), 2375-2388.

Kopylova, M.G., Russell, J.K., and Cookenboo, H. (1999) Petrology of peridotite and pyroxenite xenoliths from the Jericho kimberlite: implications for the thermal state of the mantle beneath the Slave craton, northern Canada. Journal of Petrology, 40, 79-104.

Koyaguchi, T. (1986) Life-time of a stratified magma chamber recorded in ultramafic xenoliths from Ichinomegata volcano, northeastern Japan. Bulletin of Volcanology, 48, 313-323.

Kumagai, Y., Kawamoto, T., and Yamamoto, J. (2014) Evolution of carbon dioxide-bearing saline fluids in the mantle wedge beneath the northeast Japan Arc. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 168, 1-13.

Kuno, H. (1967). Mafic and ultramafic nodules from Itinome-gata Japan. In P.J. Wyllie, Ed., Ultramafic and related rocks, p. 337-342. John Wiley, New York.

Kuno, H., and Aoki, K. (1970) Chemistry of ultramafic nodules and their bearing on the origin of basaltic magmas. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, 3, 273-301.

Kuritani, T., Yoshida, T., Kimura, J., Takahashi, T., Hirahara, Y., Miyazaki, T., Senda, R., Chang, Q., and Ito, Y. (2014a) Primary melt from Sannome-gata volcano, NE Japan arc: constraints on generation conditions of rear-arc magmas. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 167, 969.

Kuritani, T., Yoshida, T., Kimura, J., Hirahara, Y., and Takahashi, T. (2014b) Water content of primitive low-K tholeiitic basalt magma from Iwate Volcano, NE Japan arc: implications for differentiation mechanism of frontal-arc basalt magmas. Mineralogy and Petrology, 108, 1-11.

Kushiro, I. (1987) A petrological model of the mantle wedge and lower crust in the Japanese island arcs. In B.O. Mysen, Ed., Magmatic processes: physicochemical principles, p. 165- 181. Geochemical Society, Washington, D.C.

Leake, B.E., Woolley, A.R., Arps, C.E.S., Birch, W.D., Gilbert, M.C., Grice, J.D., Hawthorne, F.C., Kato, A., Kish, H.J., Krivovichev, V.G., and others. (1997) Nomenclature of amphiboles; report of the subcommittee on amphiboles of the International Mineralogical Association Commission on New Minerals and Mineral Names. The Canadian Mineralogist, 35, 219-246.

Lee, C. T. A. (2003). Compositional variation of density and seismic velocities in natural peridotites at STP conditions: Implications for seismic imaging of compositional heterogeneities in the upper mantle. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 108(B9). Lenaz, D., Youbi, N., De Min, A., Boumehdi, M. A., and Ben Abbou, M. (2014). Low intra- crystalline closure temperatures of Cr-bearing spinels from the mantle xenoliths of the

Middle Atlas Neogene-Quaternary Volcanic Field (Morocco): Mineralogical evidence of a cooler mantle beneath the West African Craton. American Mineralogist, 99(2-3), 267-275.

Linckens, J., Bruijn, R. H., and Skemer, P. (2014). Dynamic recrystallization and phase mixing in experimentally deformed peridotite. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 388, 134-142.

Linckens, J., Herwegh, M., Müntener, O., and Mercolli, I. (2011). Evolution of a polymineralic mantle shear zone and the role of second phases in the localization of deformation. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 116(B6).

Lindsley, D.H. (1983) Pyroxene thermometry. American Mineralogist, 68, 477-493.

Llovet, X., and Salvat, F. (2016). PENEPMA: a Monte Carlo programme for the simulation of X- ray emission in EPMA. In IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering (Vol. 109, No. 1, p. 012009). IOP Publishing.

Llovet, X., Pinard, P. T., Donovan, J. J., and Salvat, F. (2012). Secondary fluorescence in electron probe microanalysis of material couples. Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, 45(22), 225301.

Mainprice, D., and Silver, P. G. (1993). Interpretation of SKS-waves using samples from the subcontinental lithosphere. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, 78(3-4), 257-280.

Mainprice, D., Bachmann, F., Hielscher, R., and Schaeben, H. (2015). Descriptive tools for the analysis of texture projects with large datasets using MTEX: strength, symmetry and components. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 409(1), 251-271.

McKenzie, D., and Bickle, M.J. (1988) The volume and composition of melt generated by extension of the lithosphere. Journal of Petrology, 29, 625-679.

McKenzie, D., Jackson, J. and Priestley, K. (2016) Thermal structure of oceanic and continental lithosphere. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 233, 337-349.

Mercier, J.C.C., Benoit, V., and Girardeau, J. (1984) Equilibrium state of diopside-bearing harzburgites from ophiolites: geobarometric and geodynamic implications. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 85, 391-403.

Mercier, J.C.C., and Nicolas, A. (1975). Textures and fabrics of upper-mantle peridotites as illustrated by xenoliths from basalts. Journal of Petrology, 16(1), 454-487.

Michibayashi, K., Abe, N., Okamoto, A., Satsukawa, T., and Michikura, K. (2006). Seismic anisotropy in the uppermost mantle, back ‐ arc region of the northeast Japan arc: Petrophysical analyses of Ichinomegata peridotite xenoliths. Geophysical Research Letters, 33(10).

Michibayashi, K., Mainprice, D., Fujii, A., Uehara, S., Shinkai, Y., Kondo, Y., ... and Ishiwatari, A. (2016). Natural olivine crystal-fabrics in the western Pacific convergence region: A new method to identify fabric type. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 443, 70-80.

Miyazaki, T., Sueyoshi, K., and Hiraga, T. (2013). Olivine crystals align during diffusion creep of Earth’s upper mantle. Nature, 502(7471), 321.

Mossman, D. J. (1971). Composition and orientation of clinopyroxene lamellae in Bushveld-type orthopyroxene from the Greenhills ultramafic complex, Bluff peninsula, Southland, New Zealand. Mineralogical Magazine, 38(294), 160-164.

Mori, H., and Takeda, H. (1981). Thermal and deformational histories of diogenites as inferred from their microtextures of orthopyroxene. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 53(2), 266- 274.

Morishige, M., and Honda, S. (2011). Three‐dimensional structure of P‐wave anisotropy in the presence of small‐scale convection in the mantle wedge. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 12(12).

Mysen, B.O., and Boettcher, A.L. (1975) Melting of a Hydrous Mantle: I. Phase Relations of Natural Peridotite at High Pressures and Temperatures with Controlled Activities of Water, Carbon Dioxide, and Hydrogen. Journal of Petrology, 16, 520-548.

Nakajima, J., and Hasegawa, A. (2003) Estimation of thermal structure in the mantle wedge of northeastern Japan from seismic attenuation data. Geophysical Research Letters, 30, 4, doi:10.1029/2003GL017185.

Nakajima, J., Matsuzawa, T., Hasegawa, A., and Zhao, D. (2001) Three-dimensional structure of Vp, Vs, and Vp/Vs beneath northeastern Japan: Implications for arc magmatism and fluids. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 106, 21843-21857.

Nakajima, J., Takei, Y., and Hasegawa, A. (2005) Quantitative analysis of the inclined low- velocity zone in the mantle wedge of northeastern Japan: A systematic change of melt-filled pore shapes with depth and its implications for melt migration. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 234, 59-70.

Nakajima, J., Hada, S., Hayami, E., Uchida, N., Hasegawa, A., Yoshioka, S., Matsuzawa, T., and Umino, N. (2013). Seismic attenuation beneath northeastern Japan: Constraints on mantle dynamics and arc magmatism. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 118(11), 5838-5855.

Nickel, K.G., and Brey, G. (1984) Subsolidus orthopyroxene-clinopyroxene systematics in the system CaO-MgO-SiO2 to 60 kb: a re-evaluation of the regular solution model. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 87, 35-42.

Niida, K., and Green, D.H. (1999) Stability and chemical composition of pargasitic amphibole in MORB pyrolite under upper mantle conditions. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 135, 18-40.

Nimis, P., & Grütter, H. (2010). Internally consistent geothermometers for garnet peridotites and pyroxenites. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 159(3), 411-427.

Nixon P.H. (1987) Mantle Xenoliths, 844 p. Wiley, New York.

Obata, M., and Ozawa, K. (2011). Topotaxic relationships between spinel and pyroxene in kelyphite after garnet in mantle-derived peridotites and their implications to reaction mechanism and kinetics. Mineralogy and Petrology, 101(3-4), 217-224.

Odashima, N., Morishita, T., Ozawa, K., Nagahara, H., Tsuchiyama, A., and Nagashima, R. (2007). Formation and deformation mechanisms of pyroxene-spinel symplectite in an ascending mantle, the Horoman peridotite complex, Japan: An EBSD (electron backscatter diffraction) study. Journal of Mineralogical and Petrological Sciences, 103(1), 1-15.

Ohki, J. I., Shuto, K., and Kagami, H. (1994). Middle Miocene bimodal volcanism by asthenospheric upwelling: Sr and Nd isotopic evidence from the back-arc region of the Northeast Japan arc. Geochemical Journal, 28(6), 473-487.

Ohuchi, T., Kawazoe, T., Higo, Y., Funakoshi, K. I., Suzuki, A., Kikegawa, T., and Irifune, T. (2015). Dislocation-accommodated grain boundary sliding as the major deformation mechanism of olivine in the Earth’s upper mantle. Science advances, 1(9), e1500360.

Okubo, Y., and Matsunaga, T. (1994) Curie point depth in northeast Japan and its correlation with regional thermal structure and seismicity. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 99, 22363-22371.

O'Neill, H. S. C. (1981). The transition between spinel lherzolite and garnet lherzolite, and its use as a geobarometer. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 77(2), 185-194.

O'Reilly, S.Y., and Griffin, W.L. (1996) 4-D lithosphere mapping: methodology and examples. Tectonophysics, 262, 3-18.

O'Reilly, S.Y., and Griffin, W.L. (2006) Imaging global chemical and thermal heterogeneity in the subcontinental lithospheric mantle with garnets and xenoliths: Geophysical implications. Tectonophysics, 416, 289-309.

O'Reilly, S.Y., and Griffin, W.L. (2010) The continental lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary: can We sample it?. Lithos, 120, 1-13.

O'Reilly, S.Y., Chen, D., Griffin, W.L., and Ryan, C.G. (1997) Minor elements in olivine from spinel lherzolite xenoliths: implications for thermobarometry. Mineralogical Magazine, 61, 257-269.

Ozawa, K. (1984) Olivine-spinel geospeedometry: Analysis of diffusion-controlled Mg-Fe2+ exchange. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 48, 2597-2611.

Ozawa, K., and Nagahara, H. (2000) Kinetics of diffusion-controlled evaporation of Fe-Mg olivine: Experimental study and implication for stability of Fe-rich olivine in the solar nebula. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 64, 939-955.

Ozawa, K., and Takahashi, N. (1995) PT history of a mantle diapir: the Horoman peridotite complex, Hokkaido, northern Japan. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 120, 223- 248.

Ozawa, K., Nagahara, H., Morioka, M., Matsumoto, N., Hutcheon, I.D., Noguchi, T., and Kagi, H. (2012) Kinetics of evaporation of forsterite in vacuum. American Mineralogist, 97, 80- 99.

Ozawa, K., Sato, Y., and Narita, S. (2018) Pressure estimation of spinel peridotite xenoliths, the status quo, problems, resolutions: Towards a bertter understanding of the lithosphere- asthenosphere boundary region, Journal of Geological Society of Japan, 124, 575-592. (in Japanese with English abstract).

Palomeras, I., Villaseñor, A., Thurner, S., Levander, A., Gallart, J., and Harnafi, M. (2017). Lithospheric structure of I beria and M orocco using finite‐frequency R ayleigh wave tomography from earthquakes and seismic ambient noise. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 18(5), 1824-1840.

Parkinson, I.J., and Arculus, R.J. (1999) The redox state of subduction zones: insights from arc- peridotites. Chemical Geology, 160, 409-423.

Perkins, D., and Anthony, E. Y. (2011). The evolution of spinel lherzolite xenoliths and the nature of the mantle at Kilbourne Hole, New Mexico. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 162(6), 1139-1157.

Putirka, K.D. (2008) Thermometers and barometers for volcanic systems. Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry, 69, 61-120.

Putirka, K.D., Perfit, M., Ryerson, F.J., and Jackson, M.G. (2007) Ambient and excess mantle temperatures, olivine thermometry, and active vs. passive upwelling. Chemical Geology, 241, 177-206.

Raffone, N., Chazot, G., Pin, C., Vannucci, R., and Zanetti, A. (2009). Metasomatism in the lithospheric mantle beneath Middle Atlas (Morocco) and the origin of Fe-and Mg-rich wehrlites. Journal of Petrology, 50(2), 197-249.

Richards, M. A., Yang, W. S., Baumgardner, J. R., and Bunge, H. P. (2001). Role of a low‐ viscosity zone in stabilizing plate tectonics: Implications for comparative terrestrial planetology. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 2(8).

Rozel, A., Ricard, Y., and Bercovici, D. (2011). A thermodynamically self-consistent damage equation for grain size evolution during dynamic recrystallization. Geophysical Journal International, 184(2), 719-728.

Sachtleben, T., and Seck, H.A. (1981) Chemical control of Al-solubility in orthopyroxene and its implications on pyroxene geothermometry. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 78, 157-165.

Sack, R. O., and Ghiorso, M. S. (1994). Thermodynamics of multicomponent pyroxenes: II. Phase relations in the quadrilateral. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 116(3), 287-300. Sakai, T., Belyakov, A., Kaibyshev, R., Miura, H., and Jonas, J. J. (2014). Dynamic and post- dynamic recrystallization under hot, cold and severe plastic deformation conditions. Progress in materials science, 60, 130-207.

Sakuyama, M., and Koyaguchi, T. (1984) Magma mixing in mantle xenolith-bearing calc-alkalic ejecta, Ichinomegata volcano, northeastern Japan. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 22, 199-224.

Šanc, I., and Rieder, M. (1983). Lamellar pyroxenes and their petrogenetic significance: Three examples from the Czech Massif. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 84(1), 73-83.

Sato, Y., and Ozawa, K. (2019). Reconstruction of the lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary zone beneath Ichinomegata maar, Northeast Japan, by geobarometry of spinel peridotite xenoliths. American Mineralogist: Journal of Earth and Planetary Materials, 104(9), 1285- 1306.

Satsukawa, T., and Michibayashi, K. (2014) Flow in the uppermost mantle during back-arc spreading revealed by Ichinomegata peridotite xenoliths, NE Japan. Lithos, 189, 89-104.

Satsukawa, T., Godard, M., Demouchy, S., Michibayashi, K., and Ildefonse, B. (2017). Chemical interactions in the subduction factory: New insights from an in situ trace element and hydrogen study of the Ichinomegata and Oki-Dogo mantle xenoliths (Japan). Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 208, 234-267.

Sautter, V., Jaoul, O., and Abel, F. (1988) Aluminum diffusion in diopside using the 27Al (p, γ) 28Si nuclear reaction: preliminary results. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 89, 109-114.

Shimizu, I. (2008). Theories and applicability of grain size piezometers: The role of dynamic recrystallization mechanisms. Journal of Structural Geology, 30(7), 899-917.

Skemer, P., and Karato, S. (2008). Sheared lherzolite xenoliths revisited. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 113(B7).

Skemer, P., Katayama, I., Jiang, Z., and Karato, S. I. (2005). The misorientation index: Development of a new method for calculating the strength of lattice-preferred orientation. Tectonophysics, 411(1-4), 157-167.

Sleep, N.H. (2005) Evolution of the continental lithosphere. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 33, 369-393.

Sleep, N.H. (2006) Mantle plumes from top to bottom. Earth-Science Reviews, 77, 231-271. Smith, D. (1999). Temperatures and pressures of mineral equilibration in peridotite xenoliths: review, discussion, and implications. In Y. Fei, C.M. Bertka and B.O. Mysen, Ed., Mantle petrology: field observations and high pressure experimentation: a tribute to Francis R.(Joe) Boyd, p. 171-188. Geochemical Society, Washington, D.C.

Smith, D., and Barron, B.R. (1991) Pyroxene-garnet equilibration during cooling in the mantle. American Mineralogist, 76, 1950-1963.

Spera, F.J. (1984) Carbon dioxide in petrogenesis III: role of volatiles in the ascent of alkaline magma with special reference to xenolith-bearing mafic lavas. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 88, 217-232.

Takahashi, E. (1980) Thermal history of lherzolite xenoliths-I. Petrology of lherzolite xenoliths from the Ichinomegata crater, Oga peninsula, northeast Japan. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 44, 1643-1658.

Takahashi, E. (1986) Genesis of calc-alkali andesite magma in a hydrous mantle-crust boundary: Petrology of lherzolite xenoliths from the Ichinomegata crater, Oga peninsula, northeast Japan, part II. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 29, 355-395.

Takei, Y. (2002). Effect of pore geometry on Vp/Vs: From equilibrium geometry to crack. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 107(B2), ECV-6.

Tamura, Y., Tatsumi, Y., Zhao, D., Kido, Y., and Shukuno, H. (2002). Hot fingers in the mantle wedge: new insights into magma genesis in subduction zones. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 197(1-2), 105-116.

Tanaka, A., Yamano, M., Yano, Y., and Sasada, M., (2004) Geothermal Gradient and Heat Flow Data in and around Japan, Digital Geoscience Map DGM P-5, Geological Survey of Japan.

Tanaka, T., and Aoki, K. (1981). Petrogenic implications of REE and Ba data on mafic and ultramafic inclusions from Itinome-gata, Japan. The Journal of Geology, 89, 369-390.

Tatsumi, Y., Sakuyama, M., Fukuyama, H., and Kushiro, I. (1983) Generation of arc basalt magmas and thermal structure of the mantle wedge in subduction zones. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 88, 5815-5825.

Tatsumi, Y., Furukawa, Y., and Yamashita, S. (1994) Thermal and geochemical evolution of the mantle wedge in the northeast Japan arc: 1. Contribution from experimental petrology. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 99, 22275-22283.

Titus, S.J., Medaris, L.G., Wang, H.F., and Tikoff, B. (2007) Continuation of the San Andreas fault system into the upper mantle: evidence from spinel peridotite xenoliths in the Coyote Lake basalt, central California. Tectonophysics, 429, 1-20.

Toriumi, M. (1982). Grain boundary migration in olivine at atmospheric pressure. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, 30(1), 26-35.

Toriumi, M., and Karato, S. (1978). Experimental studies on the recovery process of deformed olivines and the mechanical state of the upper mantle. Tectonophysics, 49(1-2), 79-95.

Umino, S., and Yoshizawa, E. (1996). Petrology of ultramafic xenoliths from Kishyuku lava, Fukue-jima, Southwest Japan. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 124(2), 154-166.

Van der Wal, D., Chopra, P., Drury, M., and Gerald, J. F. (1993). Relationships between dynamically recrystallized grain size and deformation conditions in experimentally deformed olivine rocks. Geophysical Research Letters, 20(14), 1479-1482.

Van Orman, J.A., and Crispin, K.L. (2010) Diffusion in oxides. Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry, 72, 757-825.

von Seckendorff, V., and O'Neill, H.S.C. (1993) An experimental study of Fe-Mg partitioning between olivine and orthopyroxene at 1173, 1273 and 1423 K and 1.6 GPa. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 113, 196-207.

Waff, H.S., and Bulau, J.R. (1979) Equilibrium fluid distribution in an ultramafic partial melt under hydrostatic stress conditions. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 84, 6109- 6114.

Wallace, M.E., and Green, D.H. (1991) The effect of bulk rock composition on the stability of amphibole in the upper mantle: implications for solidus positions and mantle metasomatism. Mineralogy and Petrology, 44, 1-19.

Wang, Q. (2010) A review of water contents and ductile deformation mechanisms of olivine: implications for the lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary of continents. Lithos, 120, 30-41.

Warren, J. M., and Hirth, G. (2006). Grain size sensitive deformation mechanisms in naturally deformed peridotites. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 248(1-2), 438-450.

Wells, P.R.A. (1977) Pyroxene thermometry in simple and complex systems. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 62, 129-139.

Wiens, D.A., Kelley, K.A., and Plank, T. (2006) Mantle temperature variations beneath back-arc spreading centers inferred from seismology, petrology, and bathymetry. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 248, 30-42.

Wirth, E. A., and Korenaga, J. (2012). Small-scale convection in the subduction zone mantle wedge. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 357, 111-118.

Witt-Eickschen, G., and Seck, H. A. (1991). Solubility of Ca and Al in orthopyroxene from spinel peridotite: an improved version of an empirical geothermometer. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 106(4), 431-439.

Yoshino, T., Takei, Y., Wark, D. A., and Watson, E. B. (2005). Grain boundary wetness of texturally equilibrated rocks, with implications for seismic properties of the upper mantle. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 110(B8).

Yoshizawa, K., Miyake, K., and Yomogida, K. (2010) 3D upper mantle structure beneath Japan and its surrounding region from inter-station dispersion measurements of surface waves. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, 183, 4-19.

Zeyen, H., Ayarza, P., Fernàndez, M., and Rimi, A. (2005). Lithospheric structure under the western African‐European plate boundary: A transect across the Atlas Mountains and the Gulf of Cadiz. Tectonics, 24(2).

Zhao, D., Hasegawa, A., and Horiuchi, S. (1992) Tomographic imaging of P and S wave velocity structure beneath northeastern Japan. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 97, 19909-19928.

Zhang, X., Ganguly, J., and Ito, M. (2010). Ca–Mg diffusion in diopside: tracer and chemical inter-diffusion coefficients. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 159(2), 175.

Zheng, Y., Shen, W., Zhou, L., Yang, Y., Xie, Z., and Ritzwoller, M.H. (2011) Crust and uppermost mantle beneath the North China Craton, northeastern China, and the Sea of Japan from ambient noise tomography. Journal of Geophysical Research 116, 25, doi:10.1029/2011JB008637.

Zipfel, J., and Wörner, G. (1992). Four-and five-phase peridotites from a continental rift system: evidence for upper mantle uplift and cooling at the Ross Sea margin (Antarctica). Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 111(1), 24-36.

参考文献をもっと見る

全国の大学の
卒論・修論・学位論文
を
一発検索！

この論文の関連論文を見る