Akita, S., Mitsukawa, N., Kuriyama, M., Kubota, Y., Hasegawa, M., Tokumoto, H., Ishigaki, T., Togawa, T., Kuyama, J., and Satoh, K. (2015). Comparison of vascularized supraclavicular lymph node transfer and lymphaticovenular anastomosis for advanced stage lower extremity lymphedema. Ann Plast Surg 74, 573-579.
Alitalo, K., Tammela, T., and Petrova, T.V. (2005). Lymphangiogenesis in development and human disease. Nature 438, 946-953.
Alitalo, K. (2011). The lymphatic vasculature in disease. Nat Med 17, 1371-1380. Aschen, S.Z., Farias-Eisner, G., Cuzzone, D.A., Albano, N.J., Ghanta, S., Weitman, E.S., Ortega, S., and Mehrara, B.J. (2014). Lymph node transplantation results in spontaneous lymphatic reconnection and restoration of lymphatic flow. Plast Reconstr Surg 133, 301-310.
Azhar, S.H., Lim, H.Y., Tan, B.K., and Angeli, V. (2020). The Unresolved Pathophysiology of Lymphedema. Front Physiol 11, 137.
Baumeister, R.G., Seifert, J., and Hahn, D. (1981). Autotransplantation of lymphatic vessels. Lancet 1, 147.
Becker, C., Assouad, J., Riquet, M., and Hidden, G. (2006). Postmastectomy lymphedema: long-term results following microsurgical lymph node transplantation. Ann Surg 243, 313-315.
Biswas, B., Dabkara, D., and Ganguly, S. (2017). In-transit metastases from malignant melanoma. Natl Med J India 30, 297.
Blum, K.S., Proulx, S.T., Luciani, P., Leroux, J.C., and Detmar, M. (2013). Dynamics of lymphatic regeneration and flow patterns after lymph node dissection. Breast Cancer Res Treat 139, 81-86.
Brown, M., Assen, F.P., Leithner, A., Abe, J., Schachner, H., Asfour, G., Bago- Horvath, Z., Stein, J.V., Uhrin, P., Sixt, M., et al. (2018). Lymph node blood vessels provide exit routes for metastatic tumor cell dissemination in mice. Science 359, 1408-1411.
Chandrasekaran, S., and King, M.R. (2014). Microenvironment of tumor-draining lymph nodes: opportunities for liposome-based targeted therapy. Int J Mol Sci 15, 20209-20239.
Chen, H.C., O'Brien, B.M., Rogers, I.W., Pribaz, J.J., and Eaton, C.J. (1990). Lymph node transfer for the treatment of obstructive lymphoedema in the canine model. Br J Plast Surg 43, 578-586.
Cheng, M.H., Chen, S.C., Henry, S.L., Tan, B.K., Lin, M.C., and Huang, J.J. (2013). Vascularized groin lymph node flap transfer for postmastectomy upper limb lymphedema: flap anatomy, recipient sites, and outcomes. Plast Reconstr Surg 131, 1286-1298.
Cheng, M.H., Huang, J.J., Wu, C.W., Yang, C.Y., Lin, C.Y., Henry, S.L., and Kolios, L. (2014). The mechanism of vascularized lymph node transfer for lymphedema: natural lymphaticovenous drainage. Plast Reconstr Surg 133, 192e-198e.
Cochran, A.J., Morton, D.L., Stern, S., Lana, A.M., Essner, R., and Wen, D.R. (2001). Sentinel lymph nodes show profound downregulation of antigen-presenting cells of the paracortex: implications for tumor biology and treatment. Mod Pathol 14, 604- 608.
Cochran, A.J., Huang, R.R., Lee, J., Itakura, E., Leong, S.P., and Essner, R. (2006). Tumour-induced immune modulation of sentinel lymph nodes. Nat Rev Immunol 6, 659-670.
Dadras, S.S., Paul, T., Bertoncini, J., Brown, L.F., Muzikansky, A., Jackson, D.G., Ellwanger, U., Garbe, C., Mihm, M.C., and Detmar, M. (2003). Tumor lymphangiogenesis: a novel prognostic indicator for cutaneous melanoma metastasis and survival. Am J Pathol 162, 1951-1960.
Girard, J.P., Moussion, C., and Forster, R. (2012). HEVs, lymphatics and homeostatic immune cell trafficking in lymph nodes. Nat Rev Immunol 12, 762-773.
Gould, D.J., Mehrara, B.J., Neligan, P., Cheng, M.H., and Patel, K.M. (2018). Lymph node transplantation for the treatment of lymphedema. J Surg Oncol 118, 736-742.
Gunn, M.D., Tangemann, K., Tam, C., Cyster, J.G., Rosen, S.D., and Williams, L.T. (1998). A chemokine expressed in lymphoid high endothelial venules promotes the adhesion and chemotaxis of naive T lymphocytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 95, 258-263.
Hassani, C., Tran, K., Palmer, S.L., and Patel, K.M. (2020). Vascularized Lymph Node Transfer: A Primer for the Radiologist. Radiographics 40, 1073-1089.
Hirakawa, S., Kodama, S., Kunstfeld, R., Kajiya, K., Brown, L.F., and Detmar, M. (2005). VEGF-A induces tumor and sentinel lymph node lymphangiogenesis and promotes lymphatic metastasis. J Exp Med 201, 1089-1099.
Hirakawa, S., Brown, L.F., Kodama, S., Paavonen, K., Alitalo, K., and Detmar, M. (2007). VEGF-C-induced lymphangiogenesis in sentinel lymph nodes promotes tumor metastasis to distant sites. Blood 109, 1010-1017.
Honkonen, K.M., Visuri, M.T., Tervala, T.V., Halonen, P.J., Koivisto, M., Lahteenvuo, M.T., Alitalo, K.K., Yla-Herttuala, S., and Saaristo, A.M. (2013). Lymph node transfer and perinodal lymphatic growth factor treatment for lymphedema. Ann Surg 257, 961-967.
Ishikawa, K., Sasaki, S., Furukawa, H., Nagao, M., Iwasaki, D., Saito, N., and Yamamoto, Y. (2013). Preliminary experience with intraoperative near-infrared fluorescence imaging in percutaneous sclerotherapy of soft-tissue venous malformations. Dermatol Surg 39, 907-912.
Ishikawa, K., Maeda, T., Funayama, E., Hayashi, T., Murao, N., Osawa, M., Furukawa, H., Oyama, A., and Yamamoto, Y. (2019a). Feasibility of pedicled vascularized inguinal lymph node transfer in a mouse model: A preliminary study. Microsurgery 39, 247-254.
Ishikawa, K., Funayama, E., Maeda, T., Hayashi, T., Murao, N., Osawa, M., Ito, R., Furukawa, H., Oyama, A., and Yamamoto, Y. (2019b). Changes in high endothelial venules in lymph nodes after vascularized and nonvascularized lymph node transfer in a murine autograft model. J Surg Oncol 119, 700-707.
Itano, A.A., and Jenkins, M.K. (2003). Antigen presentation to naive CD4 T cells in the lymph node. Nat Immunol 4, 733-739.
Ito, R., and Suami, H. (2014). Overview of lymph node transfer for lymphedema treatment. Plast Reconstr Surg 134, 548-556.
Kasprzak, A., Surdacka, A., Tomczak, M., and Konkol, M. (2013). Role of high endothelial postcapillary venules and selected adhesion molecules in periodontal diseases: a review. J Periodontal Res 48, 1-21.
Kawashima, Y., Sugimura, M., Hwang, Y.C., and Kudo, N. (1964). The lymph system in mice. Jap J Vet Res 12, 69-78.
Kim, M., Kim, S.W., Lee, S.U., Lee, N.K., Jung, S.Y., Kim, T.H., Lee, E.S., Kang, H.S., and Shin, K.H. (2013). A model to estimate the risk of breast cancer-related lymphedema: combinations of treatment-related factors of the number of dissected axillary nodes, adjuvant chemotherapy, and radiation therapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 86, 498-503.
Kimura, T., Sugaya, M., Oka, T., Blauvelt, A., Okochi, H., and Sato, S. (2015). Lymphatic dysfunction attenuates tumor immunity through impaired antigen presentation. Oncotarget 6, 18081-18093.
Kwon, S., Agollah, G.D., Wu, G., and Sevick-Muraca, E.M. (2014). Spatio-temporal changes of lymphatic contractility and drainage patterns following lymphadenectomy in mice. PloS one 9, e106034.
Lahteenvuo, M., Honkonen, K., Tervala, T., Tammela, T., Suominen, E., Lahteenvuo, J., Kholova, I., Alitalo, K., Yla-Herttuala, S., and Saaristo, A. (2011). Growth factor therapy and autologous lymph node transfer in lymphedema. Circulation 123, 613- 620.
Leong, S.P., Nakakura, E.K., Pollock, R., Choti, M.A., Morton, D.L., Henner, W.D., Lal, A., Pillai, R., Clark, O.H., and Cady, B. (2011). Unique patterns of metastases in common and rare types of malignancy. J Surg Oncol 103, 607-614.
Maeda, T., Hayashi, T., Furukawa, H., Iwasaki, D., Ishikawa, K., Funayama, E., Murao, N., Osawa, M., Oyama, A., and Yamamoto, Y. (2018). Immune-mediated antitumor effect of a transplanted lymph node. Int J Cancer 143, 1224-1235.
Marshall, M.V., Rasmussen, J.C., Tan, I.C., Aldrich, M.B., Adams, K.E., Wang, X., Fife, C.E., Maus, E.A., Smith, L.A., and Sevick-Muraca, E.M. (2010). Near-infrared fluorescence imaging in humans with indocyanine green: a review and update. Open Surg Oncol J 2, 12-25.
Matsuno, K., Ueta, H., Shu, Z., Xue-Dong, X., Sawanobori, Y., Kitazawa, Y., Bin, Y., Yamashita, M., and Shi, C. (2010). The microstructure of secondary lymphoid organs that support immune cell trafficking. Arch Histol Cytol 73, 1-21.
Miranda Garces, M., Mirapeix, R., Pons, G., Sadri, A., and Masia, J. (2016). A comprehensive review of the natural lymphaticovenous communications and their role in lymphedema surgery. J Surg Oncol 113, 374-380.
Miranda Garces, M., Pons, G., Mirapeix, R., and Masia, J. (2017). Intratissue lymphovenous communications in the mechanism of action of vascularized lymph node transfer. J Surg Oncol 115, 27-31.
Miteva, D.O., Rutkowski, J.M., Dixon, J.B., Kilarski, W., Shields, J.D., and Swartz, M.A. (2010). Transmural flow modulates cell and fluid transport functions of lymphatic endothelium. Circ Res 106, 920-931.
Morton, D.L., Hoon, D.S., Cochran, A.J., Turner, R.R., Essner, R., Takeuchi, H., Wanek, L.A., Glass, E., Foshag, L.J., Hsueh, E.C., et al. (2003). Lymphatic mapping and sentinel lymphadenectomy for early-stage melanoma: therapeutic utility and implications of nodal microanatomy and molecular staging for improving the accuracy of detection of nodal micrometastases. Ann Surg 238, 538-549; discussion 549-550.
Murdaca, G., Cagnati, P., Gulli, R., Spano, F., Puppo, F., Campisi, C., and Boccardo, F. (2012). Current views on diagnostic approach and treatment of lymphedema. Am J Med 125, 134-140.
Nguyen, A.T., Suami, H., Hanasono, M.M., Womack, V.A., Wong, F.C., and Chang, E.I. (2017). Long-term outcomes of the minimally invasive free vascularized omental lymphatic flap for the treatment of lymphedema. J Surg Oncol 115, 84-89.
O'Melia, M.J., Lund, A.W., and Thomas, S.N. (2019). The Biophysics of Lymphatic Transport: Engineering Tools and Immunological Consequences. iScience 22, 28- 43.
Oashi, K., Furukawa, H., Nishihara, H., Ozaki, M., Oyama, A., Funayama, E., Hayashi, T., Kuge, Y., and Yamamoto, Y. (2013). Pathophysiological characteristics of melanoma in-transit metastasis in a lymphedema mouse model. J Invest Dermatol 133, 537-544.
Oliveira Gda, P., Girao, R.J., Soares, C.T., and Mello Junior, E.J. (2012). Multiple metastatic basal cell carcinoma with concurrent metastatic pleomorphic sarcoma in chronic lymphedema area--case report. An Bras Dermatol 87, 899-902.
Podgrabinska, S., Kamalu, O., Mayer, L., Shimaoka, M., Snoeck, H., Randolph, G.J., and Skobe, M. (2009). Inflamed lymphatic endothelium suppresses dendritic cell maturation and function via Mac-1/ICAM-1-dependent mechanism. J Immunol 183, 1767-1779.
Randolph, G.J., Angeli, V., and Swartz, M.A. (2005). Dendritic-cell trafficking to lymph nodes through lymphatic vessels. Nat Rev Immunol 5, 617-628.
Rockson, S.G. (2018). Lymphedema after Breast Cancer Treatment. N Engl J Med 379, 1937-1944.
Rofstad, E.K., Tunheim, S.H., Mathiesen, B., Graff, B.A., Halsor, E.F., Nilsen, K., and Galappathi, K. (2002). Pulmonary and lymph node metastasis is associated with primary tumor interstitial fluid pressure in human melanoma xenografts. Cancer Res 62, 661-664.
Rosen, S.D. (2004). Ligands for L-selectin: homing, inflammation, and beyond. Annu Rev Immunol 22, 129-156.
Ruocco, V., Schwartz, R.A., and Ruocco, E. (2002). Lymphedema: an immunologically vulnerable site for development of neoplasms. J Am Acad Dermatol 47, 124-127.
Saaristo, A.M., Niemi, T.S., Viitanen, T.P., Tervala, T.V., Hartiala, P., and Suominen, E.A. (2012). Microvascular breast reconstruction and lymph node transfer for postmastectomy lymphedema patients. Ann Surg 255, 468-473.
Saito, Y., Nakagami, H., Kaneda, Y., and Morishita, R. (2013). Lymphedema and therapeutic lymphangiogenesis. Biomed Res Int 2013, 804675.
Schiffman, S., and Berger, A. (2007). Stewart-Treves syndrome. J Am Coll Surg 204, 328.
Shesol, B.F., Nakashima, R., Alavi, A., and Hamilton, R.W. (1979). Successful lymph node transplantation in rats, with restoration of lymphatic function. Plast Reconstr Surg 63, 817-823.
Stacker, S.A., Williams, S.P., Karnezis, T., Shayan, R., Fox, S.B., and Achen, M.G. (2014). Lymphangiogenesis and lymphatic vessel remodelling in cancer. Nat Rev Cancer 14, 159-172.
Takada, K., and Jameson, S.C. (2009). Naive T cell homeostasis: from awareness of space to a sense of place. Nat Rev Immunol 9, 823-832.
Takeuchi, H., Kitajima, M., and Kitagawa, Y. (2008). Sentinel lymph node as a target of molecular diagnosis of lymphatic micrometastasis and local immunoresponse to malignant cells. Cancer Sci 99, 441-450.
Tammela, T., Saaristo, A., Holopainen, T., Lyytikka, J., Kotronen, A., Pitkonen, M., Abo-Ramadan, U., Yla-Herttuala, S., Petrova, T.V., and Alitalo, K. (2007).
Therapeutic differentiation and maturation of lymphatic vessels after lymph node dissection and transplantation. Nat Med 13, 1458-1466.
Tammela, T., Saaristo, A., Holopainen, T., Yla-Herttuala, S., Andersson, L.C., Virolainen, S., Immonen, I., and Alitalo, K. (2011). Photodynamic ablation of lymphatic vessels and intralymphatic cancer cells prevents metastasis. Science translational medicine 3, 69ra11.
Teoh, D., Johnson, L.A., Hanke, T., McMichael, A.J., and Jackson, D.G. (2009). Blocking development of a CD8+ T cell response by targeting lymphatic recruitment of APC. J Immunol 182, 2425-2431.
Tourani, S.S., Taylor, G.I., and Ashton, M.W. (2016). Vascularized Lymph Node Transfer: A Review of the Current Evidence. Plast Reconstr Surg 137, 985-993.
Wolvers, D.A., Coenen-de Roo, C.J., Mebius, R.E., van der Cammen, M.J., Tirion, F., Miltenburg, A.M., and Kraal, G. (1999). Intranasally induced immunological tolerance is determined by characteristics of the draining lymph nodes: studies with OVA and human cartilage gp-39. J Immunol 162, 1994-1998.
Zhu, Y., Zhao, T., Itasaka, S., Zeng, L., Yeom, C.J., Hirota, K., Suzuki, K., Morinibu, A., Shinomiya, K., Ou, G., et al. (2013). Involvement of decreased hypoxia- inducible factor 1 activity and resultant G1-S cell cycle transition in radioresistance of perinecrotic tumor cells. Oncogene 32, 2058-2068.