Allen, R. C., Zhang, J.‐C., Kistler, L. M., Spence, H. E., Lin, R.‐L., Klecker, B., et al. (2015). A statistical study of EMIC waves observed by cluster: 1. Wave properties. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, 120, 5574–5592.
Anderson, B. J., Erlandson, R. E., & Zanetti, L. J. (1992a). A statistical study of Pc 1–2 magnetic pulsations in the equatorial magnetosphere:1. Equatorial occurrence distributions. Journal of Geophysical Research, 97, 3075–3088. https://doi.org/10.1029/91JA02706
Anderson, B. J., Erlandson, R. E., & Zanetti, L. J. (1992b). A statistical study of Pc 1–2 magnetic pulsations in the equatorial magnetosphere:2. Wave properties. Journal of Geophysical Research, 97(A3), 3089–3101. https://doi.org/10.1029/91JA02697
Anderson, P. C., Hanson, W. B., Coley, W. R., & Hoegy, W. R. (1994). Journal Geophysics Research, 99, 3985. https://doi.org/10.1029/ 93JA02104
Angelopoulos, V., Cruce, P., Drozdov, A., Grimes, E. W., Hatzigeorgiu, N., King, D. A., et al. (2019). The space physics environment data analysis system (SPEDAS). Space Science Reviews, 215, 9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-018-0576-4
Asamura, K., Kazama, Y., Yokota, S., Kasahara, S., & Miyoshi, Y. (2018). Low‐energy particle experiments‐ion mass analyzer (LEPi) onboard the ERG (Arase) satellite. Earth, Planets and Space, 70(1), 70. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40623-018-0846-0
Barbier, D. (1958). The auroral activity at low latitudes. Annals of Geophysics, 1, 4334–4355.
Burke, W. J., Gussenhoven, M. S., Kelley, M. C., Hardy, D. A., & Rich, F. J. (1982). Electric and magnetic field characteristics of discrete arcs in the polar cap. Journal of Geophysical Research, 87, 2431–2443. https://doi.org/10.1029/JA087iA04p02431
Chaston, C. C., Peticolas, L. M., Carlson, C. W., McFadden, J. P., Mozer, F., Wilber, M., et al. (2005). Energy deposition by Alfvén waves into the dayside auroral oval: Cluster and FAST observations. Journal of Geophysical Research, 110, A02211. https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JA010483
Chen, L., Thorne, R. M., & Horne, R. H. (2009). Simulation of EMIC excitation in a model magnetosphere including structured high‐density plumes. Journal of Geophysical Research, 114, A07221. https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JA014204
Chu, X., Malaspina, D., Gallardo‐Lacourt, B., Liang, J., Andersson, L., Ma, Q., et al. (2019). Identifying STEVE's magnetospheric driver using conjugate observations in the magnetosphere and on the ground. Geophysical Research Letters, 46, 12,665–12,674. https://doi.org/ 10.1029/2019GL082789
Cole, K. (1965). Stable auroral red arcs, sinks for energy of Dst main phase. Journal of Geophysical Research, 70, 1689–1706. https://doi.org/ 10.1029/JZ070i007p01689
Collin, H. L., Quinn, J. M., & Cladis, J. B. (1993). An empirical static model of low energy ring‐current ions. Geophysical Research Letters, 20(2), 141–144. https://doi.org/10.1029/93GL00066
Cornwall, J. M., Coroniti, F. V., & Thorne, R. M. (1971). Unified theory of SAR arc formation at the plasmapause. Journal of Geophysical Research, 76, 4428–4445. https://doi.org/10.1029/JA076i019p04428
Coroniti, F. V., & Pritchett, P. L. (2014). The quiet evening auroral arc and the structure of the growth phase near‐Earth plasma sheet. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, 119, 1827–1836. https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JA019435
de Soria‐Santacruz, M., Spasojevic, M., & Chen, L. (2013). EMIC waves growth and guiding in the presence of cold plasma density irregularities. Geophysical Research Letters, 40, 1940–1944. https://doi.org/10.1002/grl.50484
Ejiri, M. (1978). Trajectory traces of charged particles in the magnetosphere. Journal of Geophysical Research, 83, 4798–4810. https://doi. org/10.1029/JA083iA10p04798
Fok, M.‐C., Kozyra, J. U., Nagy, A. F., & Cravens, T. E. (1991). Lifetime of ring current particles due to Coulomb collisions in the plasmasphere. Journal of Geophysical Research, 96(A5), 7861–7867. https://doi.org/10.1029/90JA02620
Foster, J. C., Buonsanto, M. J., Mendillo, M., Nottingham, D., Rich, F. J., & Denig, W. (1994). Coordinated stable auroral red arc observations: Relationship to plasma convection. Journal of Geophysical Research, 99, 11,429–11,439. https://doi.org/10.1029/93JA03140
Fraser, B. J., Horwitz, J. L., Slavin, J. A., Dent, Z. C., & Mann, I. R. (2005). Heavy ion mass loading of the geomagnetic field near the plasmapause and ULF wave implications. Geophysical Research Letters, 32, L04102. https://doi.org/10.1029/2004GL021315
Hasegawa, A., & Mima, K. (1978). Anomalous transport produced by kinetic Alfven wave turbulence. Journal of Geophysical Research, 83, 1117–1123. https://doi.org/10.1029/JA083iA03p01117
Horwitz, J. L., Comfort, R. H., Brace, L. H., & Chappell, C. R. (1986). Dual‐spacecraft measurements of plasmasphere‐ionosphere coupling. Journal of Geophysical Research, 91(A10), 11,203–11,216. https://doi.org/10.1029/JA091iA10p11203
Iyemori, T. (1990). Storm‐time magnetospheric currents inferred from mid‐latitude geomagnetic field variations. Journal of Geomagnetism and Geoelectricity, 42(11), 1249–1265. https://doi.org/10.5636/jgg.42.1249
Iyemori, T., & Rao, D. R. K. (1996). Decay of the Dst field of geomagnetic disturbance after substorm onset and its implication to storm‐ substorm relation. Annales de Geophysique, 14(6), 608–618. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00585-996-0608-3
Jordanova, V. K., Kistler, L. M., Kozyra, J. U., Khazanov, G. V., & Nagy, A. F. (1996). Collisional losses of ring‐current ions. Journal of Geophysical Research, 101(A1), 111–126. https://doi.org/10.1029/95JA02000
Kasaba, Y., Ishisaka, K., Kasahara, Y., Imachi, T., Yagitani, S., Kojima, H., et al. (2017). Wire probe antenna (WPT) and electric field detector (EFD) of plasma wave experiment (PWE) aboard the Arase satellite: Specifications and initial evaluation results. Earth, Planets and Space, 69, 174. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40623-017-0760-x
Kasahara, Y., Kasaba, Y., Kojima, H., Yagitani, S., Ishisaka, K., Kumamoto, A., et al. (2018). The plasma wave experiment (PWE) onboard the Arase (ERG) satellite. Earth, Planets and Space, 70(1), 86. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40623-018-0842-4
Kazama, Y., Wang, B. J., Wang, S. Y., Ho, P. T. P., Tam, S. W. Y., Chang, T. F., et al. (2017). Low‐energy particle experiments‐electron analyzer (LEPe) onboard the Arase spacecraft. Earth, Planets and Space, 69, 165. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40623-017-0748-6
Knudsen, D. J., Burchill, J. K., Buchert, S. C., Eriksson, A. I., Gill, R., Wahlund, J.‐E., et al. (2017). Thermal ion imagers and Langmuir probes in the swarm electric field instruments. Journal of Geophysics Research: Space Physics, 122, 2655–2673. https://doi.org/10.1002/ 2016JA022571
Kozyra, J. U., Chandler, M. O., Hamilton, D. C., Peterson, W. K., Klumpar, D. M., Slater, D. W., et al. (1993). The role of ring current nose events in producing stable auroral red arc intensifications during the main phase: Observations during the September 19‐24, 1984 equinox transition study. Journal of Geophysical Research, 98, 9267. https://doi.org/10.1029/92JA02554
Kozyra, J. U., & Nagy, A. F. (1997). High‐altitude energy source(s) for stable auroral red arcs. Reviews of Geophysics, 35, 155, 96RG03194–190.
Kozyra, J. U., Shelley, E. G., Comfort, R. H., Brace, L. H., Cravens, T. E., & Nagy, A. F. (1987). The role of ring current O+ in the formation of stable auroral red arcs. Journal of Geophysical Research, 92, 7487–7502. https://doi.org/10.1029/JA092iA07p07487
Kozyra, J. U., Valladares, C. E., Carlson, H. C., Buonsanto, M. J., & Slater, D. W. (1990). A theoretical study of the seasonal and solar cycle variations of stable auroral red arcs. Journal of Geophysical Research, 95, 12219. https://doi.org/10.1029/JA095iA08p12219
Kumamoto, A., Tsuchiya, F., Kasahara, Y., Kasaba, Y., Kojima, H., Yagitani, S., et al. (2018). High frequency analyzer (HFA) of plasma wave experiment (PWE) onboard the Arase spacecraft. Earth, Planets and Space, 70(1), 82. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40623-018-0854-0
Lanzerotti, L. J., Hasagawa, A., & Maclennan, C. G. (1978). Hydromagnetic waves as a cause of a SAR arc event. Planetary and Space Science, 26, 777–783. https://doi.org/10.1016/0032-0633(78)90008-9
Lomidze, L., Knudsen, D. J., Burchill, J., Kouznetsov, A., & Buchert, S. C. (2018). Calibration and validation of swarm plasma densities and electron temperatures using ground‐based radars and satellite radio occultation measurements. Radio Science, 53, 15–36. https://doi. org/10.1002/2017RS006415
Lotoaniu, T. M., Fraser, B. J., & Waters, C. L. (2005). Propagation of electromagnetic ion cyclotron wave energy in the magnetosphere. Journal of Geophysical Research, 110, A07214. https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JA010816
Lysak, R. L., & Carlson, C. W. (1981). The effect of microscopic turbulence on magnetosphere‐ionosphere coupling. Geophysical Research Letters, 8, 269–272. https://doi.org/10.1029/GL008i003p00269
Marovich, E. (1966). Fritz peak observations of stable auroral red arcs, summary 1955‐1965, Tech. Rep., IER 16‐1TSA 16, 68 pp., NOAA, Boulder, Colo.
Martinis, C., Baumgardner, J., Mendillo, M., Taylor, M. J., Moffat‐Griffin, T., Wroten, J., et al. (2019). First ground‐based conjugate observations of stable auroral red (SAR) arcs. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, 124, 4658–4671. https://doi.org/10.1029/ 2018JA026017
Matsuoka, A., Teramoto, M., Nomura, R., Nosé, M., Fujimoto, A., Tanaka, Y., et al. (2018). The ARASE (ERG) magnetic field investigation. Earth, Planets and Space, 70(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40623-018-0800-1
McIlwain, C. E. (1961). Coordinates for mapping the distribution of magnetically trapped particles. Journal of Geophysical Research, 66(11), 3681–3691. https://doi.org/10.1029/JZ066i011p03681
Mendillo, M., Baumgardner, J., & Wroten, J. (2016). SAR arcs we have seen: Evidence for variability in stable auroral red arcs. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, 121, 245–262. https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JA021722
Mendillo, M., Baumgardner, J., Wroten, J., Martinis, C., Smith, S., Merenda, K.‐D., et al. (2013). Imaging magnetospheric boundaries at ionospheric heights. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, 118, 7294–7305. https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JA019267
Mendillo, M., & Wroten, J. (2019). Modeling stable auroral red (SAR) arcs at geomagnetic conjugate points: Implications for hemispheric asymmetries in heat fluxes. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, 124, 6330–6342. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JA026904
Miyoshi, Y., Hori, T., Shoji, M., Teramoto, M., Chang, T. F., Matsuda, S., et al. (2018). The ERG science center. Earth, Planets and Space, 70(1), 96. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40623-018-0867-8
Miyoshi, Y., Shinohara, I., Takashima, T., Asamura, K., Higashio, N., Mitani, T., et al. (2018). Geospace exploration project ERG. Earth, Planets and Space, 70(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40623-018-0862-0,101
Nosé, M., Oimatsu, S., Keika, K., Kletzing, C. A., Kurth, W. S., Pascuale, S. D., et al. (2015). Formation of the oxygen torus in the inner magnetosphere: Van Allen probes observations. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, 120, 1182–1196. https://doi.org/10.1002/ 2014JA020593
Olsen, N., Stolle, C., Floberghagen, R., Hulot, G., & Kuvshinov, A. (2016). Special issue “swarm science results after 2 years in space”. Earth, Planets and Space, 68, 172. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40623-016-0546-6
Otsuka, Y., Ogawa, T., Saito, A., Tsugawa, T., Fukao, S., & Miyazaki, S. (2002). A new technique for mapping of total electron content using GPS network in Japan. Earth, Planets and Space, 54(1), 63–70. https://doi.org/10.1186/BF03352422
Prolss, G. W. (2006). Subauroral electron temperature enhancement in the nighttime ionosphere. Annales de Geophysique, 24, 1871–1885. https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-24-1871-2006 Rees, M. H., & Roble, R. G. (1975). Observations and theory of the formation of stable auroral red arcs. Reviews of Geophysics and Space Physics, 13, 201–242. https://doi.org/10.1029/RG013i001p00201
Roach, F. E., & Roach, J. R. (1963). Stable 6300Å auroral arcs in midlatitudes. Planetary and Space Science, I1, 523–545.
Shiokawa, K., Hosokawa, K., Sakaguchi, K., Ieda, A., Otsuka, Y., Ogawa, T., & Connors, M. (2009). The optical mesosphere thermosphere imagers (OMTIs) for network measurements of aurora and airglow, future perspectives of space plasma and particle instrumentation and international collaborations. AIP Conference Proceedings, 1144, 212–215. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3169292
Shiokawa, K., Katoh, Y., Hamaguchi, Y., Yamamoto, Y., Adachi, T., Ozaki, M., et al. (2017). Ground‐based instruments of the PWING project to investigate dynamics of the inner magnetosphere at subauroral latitudes as a part of the ERG‐ground coordinated observation network. Earth, Planets and Space, 69(1), 160. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40623-017-0745-9
Shiokawa, K., Katoh, Y., Satoh, M., Ejiri, M. K., & Ogawa, T. (2000). Integrating‐sphere calibration of all‐sky cameras for nightglow measurements. Advances in Space Research, 26, 1025–1028. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0273-1177(00)00052-1
Shiokawa, K., Katoh, Y., Satoh, M., Ejiri, M. K., Ogawa, T., Nakamura, T., et al. (1999). Development of optical mesosphere thermosphere imagers (OMTI). Earth, Planets and Space, 51, 887–896. https://doi.org/10.1186/BF03353247
Shiokawa, K., Miyoshi, Y., Brandt, P. C., Evans, D. S., Frey, H. U., Goldstein, J., & Yumoto, K. (2013). Ground and satellite observations of low‐latitude red auroras at the initial phase of magnetic storms. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, 118, 256–270. https://doi. org/10.1029/2012JA018001
Shiokawa, K., Yumoto, K., Nishitani, N., Hayashi, K., Oguti, T., McEwen, D. J., et al. (1996). Quasi‐periodic poleward motions of sun‐ aligned auroral arcs in the high‐latitude morning sector: A case study. Journal of Geophysical Research, 101, 19,789–19,800. https://doi. org/10.1029/96JA01202
Smith, P. H., & Hoffman, R. A. (1973). Ring current particle distributions during the magnetic storms of December 16–18, 1971. Journal of Geophysical Research, 78(22), 4731–4737. https://doi.org/10.1029/JA078i022p04731
Smith, P. H., & Hoffman, R. A. (1974). Direct observations in the dusk hours of the characteristics of the storm time ring current particles during the beginning of magnetic storms. Journal of Geophysical Research, 79, 966–971. https://doi.org/10.1029/JA079i007p00966
Su, F., Wang, W., Burns, A. G., Yue, X., & Zhu, F. (2015). The correlation between electron temperature and density in the topside ionosphere during 2006–2009. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, 120, 10,724–10,739. https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JA021303
Takagi, Y., Shiokawa, K., Otsuka, Y., Connors, M., & Schofield, I. (2018). Statistical analysis of SAR arc detachment from the main oval based on 11‐year, all‐sky imaging observation at Athabasca, Canada. Geophysical Research Letters, 45, 11,539–11,546. https://doi.org/ 10.1029/2018GL079615
Thébault, E., Finlay, C. C., Beggan, C. D., Alken, P., Aubert, J., Barrois, O., et al. (2015). International geomagnetic reference field: The 12th generation. Earth, Planets and Space, 67, 79. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40623-015-0228-9
Tsyganenko, N. A. (2002a). A model of the near magnetosphere with a dawn‐dusk asymmetry 1. Mathematical structure. Journal of Geophysical Research, 107, 1–17.
Tsyganenko, N. A. (2002b). A model of the near magnetosphere with a dawn‐dusk asymmetry 2. Parameterization and fitting to observations. Journal of Geophysical Research, 107, 1–17.
Tsyganenko, N. A., & Sitnov, M. I. (2005). Modeling the dynamics of the inner magnetosphere during strong geomagnetic storms. Journal of Geophysical Research, 110(A3), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JA010798
Vallat, C., Ganushkina, N., Dandouras, I., Escoubet, C. P., Taylor, M. G. G. T., Laakso, H., et al. (2007). Ion multi‐nose structures observed by cluster in the inner magnetosphere. Annales de Geophysique, 25, 171–190. https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-25-171-2007
Wang, B., Li, P., Huang, J., & Zhang, B. (2019). Nonlinear Landau resonance between EMIC waves and cold electrons in the inner magnetosphere. Physics of Plasmas, 26, 042903. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5088374
World Data Center for Geomagnetism, Kyoto, Nose, M., Iyemori, T., Sugiura, M., & Kamei, T. (2015). Geomagnetic AE index, https://doi. org/10.17593/15031-54800
Yokota, S., Kasahara, S., Mitani, T., Asamura, K., Hirahara, M., Takashima, T., et al. (2017). Medium‐energy particle experiments‐ion mass analyzer (MEP‐i) onboard ERG (Arase). Earth, Planets and Space, 69, 172. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40623-017-0754-8
Yuan, Z., Xiong, Y., Huang, S., Deng, X., Pang, Y., Zhou, M., et al. (2014). Cold electron heating by EMIC waves in the plasmaspheric plume with observations of the cluster satellite. Geophysical Research Letters, 41, 1830–1837. https://doi.org/10.1002/2014GL059241