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Non-sphericities and alignments of clusters and central galaxies from cosmological hydrodynamical simulation : theoretical predictions and observational comparison

岡部, 泰三 東京大学 DOI:10.15083/0002004666

2022.06.22

概要

冷たい暗黒物質に宇宙項Λを加えたモデル(ΛCDM)は宇宙マイクロ波背景放射や大規模構造、Ia型超新星をはじめとして数多くの観測事実を説明し、そのパラメータも非常に良い精度で決まっている。このパラメータセットのもとでのΛCDMモデルは大スケールの観測事実をよく説明する一方で、小スケールにおいて数々の問題が存在することもわかっている。ただしこの問題は、小スケールにおけるバリオン物理の理解が不十分であることに起因する可能性もあり、ΛCDMモデルの抱える問題と結論つけるには時期尚早である。

そこで本論文では、それらの中間スケールである銀河団に着目した研究の結果を報告する。銀河団は宇宙最大の自己重力で束縛された天体であり非線形な成長をするものの、進化の時間スケールが宇宙年齢と同程度であるため、宇宙の初期条件を保持している特徴的な天体である。本研究が着目するのは特に銀河団の非球対称性である。銀河団の非球対称性は宇宙の初期条件や宇宙論パラメータ、構造形成および銀河形成史など、宇宙論、宇宙物理学双方にとって重要な情報を包含しているため、研究する価値のある特徴量である。さらに非球対称性に関わる物理量そのものを用いて、既存のプローブとは相補的なΛCDMモデルの検証を行うことも可能である。

我々は特に、銀河団とその中心銀河の楕円率およびその主軸の向きの相関に着目して研究を行なった。この中心銀河というのも銀河団と同じく衝突合体を繰り返して形成されているため、これらの相関を調べることは異なるスケールにおける衝突合体史や銀河団の構造形成史の理解につながることが期待される。さらにはその非球対称性の相関は形成史の変化を通じて間接的に宇宙論パラメータに依存するため、副次的にΛCDMモデルの相補的な検証にもなる。具体的には以下の3つのトピックについて研究を進めた。

(1)中心銀河と母銀河団の主軸の向きが揃っていることは、観測的に古くから知られている。現在に至るまでにその角度相関を調べた観測結果は多数存在し、そのほとんどが角度同士の有意な相関を示している。しかし、この角度相関を理論的に予言する解析的なモデルの構築は極めて困難であり、過去研究の大半は数値シミュレーションに基づき理論予言を行なっていた。その数値シミュレーションの多くはダークマターのみのN体シミュレーションであったのだが、中心銀河や銀河団の観測量を正しく予言するにはバリオン物理を取り込んだ詳細な宇宙流体シミュレーションが必要となる。

従って我々はバリオン物理を取り入れた最新の宇宙流体シミュレーションの結果を用いた。その中で形成された銀河団および中心銀河を同定し、非球対称性に関する信頼度の高いΛCDMの理論予言を行なった。特に可視光やX線、電波において直接観測可能な模擬データによって銀河団の非球対称性を測定し、その主軸の向きと中心銀河の主軸の向きの相関を観測と比較した。

(2)角度のみならず中心銀河と母銀河団の楕円率の相関を調べた観測結果もいくつか存在しており、こちらでは有意な相関は報告されていない。銀河団と中心銀河のどちらが平均的に歪んでいるかに関しては、銀河団の方が歪んでいるとする結果もあれば中心銀河の方が歪んでいるとする結果もあり、観測的にも同意が得られているとは言い難い。その一つの理由として、複数のサーベイから得られたサンプルに対して、系統的に銀河団および中心銀河の非球対称性を測定した結果がないことが挙げられる。

そこで我々は、重力レンズ、X線、電波の信号の強さに基づいて選択された異なる3つの銀河団サンプルを統合して得た計45個の銀河団に対して、その非球対称性を強い重力レンズ効果によって測定した。さらにそれらの中心銀河の非球対称性もハッブル宇宙望遠鏡の高角度分解能のデータから測定した。この銀河団と中心銀河のデータを同時に用いることで、上記で得られたΛCDMモデルの予言がこれらの観測をどの程度説明できるかを検証した。

(3)上述(1)(2)では、標準的なパラメータセットを採用したΛCDMのシミュレーションを用いて理論予言を構築し、観測との比較を通じてΛCDMの整合性を検証した。しかしながら単なる比較にとどまらず、上で述べた銀河団と中心銀河の主軸の向きが揃っているという事実を物理的に理解することは宇宙物理学において重要である。そこで我々は宇宙流体シミュレーション中の銀河団とその中心銀河に対し、質量降着率や主軸の向きの時間変化を個別の銀河団で調べ、整列させるメカニズムを検証した。特に向きの変化を引き起こすと考えられる、質量降着および周辺物質の分布が与える影響に着目した。

これらの目的に基づき解析を行うことでそれぞれ以下の結果を得た。

(1)可視光やX線、電波において直接観測可能な模擬データから測定した銀河団の主軸の向きは、どれも中心銀河の主軸の向きとよく相関している、というΛCDMの理論予言を得た。その理論予言は観測事実と整合的であった。ただし観測で主に詳しく調べられている大質量銀河団は体積の制限から我々のシミュレーション中には存在しないため、主軸の向きの相関の質量依存性をシミュレーション中で調べた。銀河スケールから銀河団スケールに行くほど中心銀河とダークマターハローの相関が強くなるというΛCDMの予言を得た。この質量依存性を考慮したとしても観測結果は理論予言と整合的であることを示唆している。

(2)シミュレーションの模擬データを解析することで、銀河スケールから銀河団スケールに渡ってダークマターハローと中心銀河の楕円率は平均的にほぼ等しいものの、わずかながら質量が大きいほど楕円率の差はダークマターが歪む方に大きくなる、というΛCDMの理論予言を得た。また我々が新たに用意した観測的データセットからは、銀河団の方が中心銀河よりも平均的に歪んでいるという結果を得た。シミュレーション中の銀河団スケールの結果と観測を比較すると、不一致であるかのように見える。しかしシミュレーション中で楕円率の差の質量依存性を、観測された銀河団の質量にまで外挿することで、この不一致は単に質量の違いで説明できる可能性があるという示唆を得た。いずれにせよ我々のデータセットは理論予言に対し、新たな観測的制限を与えたことになる。

(3)ΛCDM宇宙において現在の角度相関は、以下のように生成されるという描像を得た。まずt<2Gyrの非常に早い段階で銀河団と中心銀河の主軸の向きはすでに弱く相関している。以降、銀河団は衝突合体などの不連続的な質量降着によってダイナミックにその向きを変化させる。しかしそれらある特定の方向からの質量降着は中心銀河と銀河団の双方に同様の影響を及ぼすため、結果としてそれらの主軸の向きはお互いに揃ったままである。また最終的に銀河団および中心銀河の主軸の向きは、周辺で物質密度が高い領域、例えばフィラメントの方向を向くように変化する。これは統計的に見たとき、その方向から質量降着が起こりやすいからであると理解できる。その結果として時間が経つにつれ角度の相関は徐々に強くなっていき、現在観測されているような強い相関を生んでいる。

将来的には大型シノプティック・サーベイ望遠鏡のような大規模サーベイによる銀河団探査が行われるため、本論文で我々が行なった理論予言をさらなる精度で検証していくことが可能になる。特に、z=1を超えた高赤方偏移までこの角度相関を調べていくことで、ΛCDMの予言する角度相関の進化シナリオを観測的に検証できるだろう。またハッブル宇宙望遠鏡やジェイムズウェッブ宇宙望遠鏡のような宇宙望遠鏡を用いた、高解像度の重力レンズ効果による銀河団形状観測が進むことで、幅広い質量に渡る銀河団—中心銀河の非球対称性相関のサンプルが得られることが期待される。

特に我々の宇宙流体シミュレーション内に存在するような比較的低質量の銀河団で非球対称性を観測することは、理論予言との直接比較において有用である。観測だけでなくシミュレーションも体積を増やしたさらなる改良によって、観測に対応する大質量銀河団に対する予言を与えるようになることが期待される。従って我々が発見した、ダークマターハローと中心銀河の楕円率の差が、シミュレーションと観測で一見すると不一致であるという結果も、観測・シミュレーション双方の改良により直接的な検証が可能になるであろう。

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