Akasofu, S.-I. (1964) The latitudinal shift of the auroral belt. Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics, 26, 1167–1174. https:// doi.org/10.1016/0021-9169(64)90125-4
Akasofu, S.-I. & Chapman, S. (1963) The lower limit of latitude (US sector) of northern quiet auroral arcs, and its relation to Dst(H). Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics, 25, 9–12. https:// doi.org/10.1016/0021-9169(63)90011-4
Allen, J., Frank, L., Sauer, H. & Reiff, P. (1989) Effects of the March 1989 solar activity. Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union, 70, 1479–1488. https://doi. org/10.1029/89EO00409
Baker, D.N., Barton, C., Rodger, A.S., Fraser, B., Thompson, B. & Fapitashvili, V. (2004) Moving beyond the IGY: the Electronic Geophysical Year (eGY) concept. Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union, 85, 105–109. https://doi.org/10.1029/2004E O110001
Baker, D.N., Erickson, P.J., Fennell, J.F., Foster, J.C., Jaynes, A.N. & Verronen, P.T. (2018) Space weather effects in the earth's radiation belts. Space Science Reviews, 214, 17. https://doi. org/10.1007/s11214-017-0452-7
Baker, D.N. & Lanzerotti, L.J. (2016) "Resource Letter" for Space Weather. Space Weather, 14, 528–529. https://doi. org/10.1002/2016SW001485
Balan, N., Zhang, Q.-H., Xing, Z., Skoug, R., Shiokawa, K., Lühr, H. et al. (2019) Capability of geomagnetic storm parameters to identify severe space weather. The Astrophysical Journal, 887, 51. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab5113
Bhaskar, A., Hayakawa, H., Oliveira, D.M., Blake, S.P., Silverman, S.M. & Ebihara, Y. (2020) An analysis of Trouvelot's auroral drawing on 1/2 March 1872: plausible evidence for recurrent geomagnetic storms. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, 125, e28227. https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JA028227
Blake, S.P., Pulkkinen, A., Schuck, P.W., Glocer, A. & Tóth, G. (2021) Estimating maximum extent of auroral equatorward boundary using historical and simulated surface magnetic field data. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, 126, e28284. https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JA028284
Boteler, D.H. (2019) A 21st century view of the march 1989 magnetic storm. Space Weather, 17, 1427–1441. https://doi. org/10.1029/2019SW002278
Boteler, D.H., Pirjola, R.J. & Nevanlinna, H. (1998) The effects of geomagnetic disturbances on electrical systems at the earth's surface. Advances in Space Research, 22, 17–27. https://doi. org/10.1016/S0273-1177(97)01096-X
Chamberlain, J.W. (1961) Physics of the Aurora and Airglow. New York: Academic Press.
Chapman, S. (1957) The aurora in middle and low latitudes. Nature, 179, 7–11. https://doi.org/10.1038/179007a0
Clette, F. & Lefèvre, L. (2016) The new sunspot number: assembling all corrections. Solar Physics, 291, 2629–2651. https://doi. org/10.1007/s11207-016-1014-y
Clette, F., Svalgaard, L., Vaquero, J.M. & Cliver, E.W. (2014) Revisiting the sunspot number. A 400-year perspective on the solar cycle. Space Science Reviews, 186, 35–103. https://doi.org/10.1007/ s11214-014-0074-2
Cliver, E.W. & Crooker, N.U. (1993) A Seasonal dependence for the geoeffectiveness of eruptive solar events. Solar Physics, 145, 347–357. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00690661
Cliver, E.W. & Dietrich, W.F. (2013) The 1859 space weather event revisited: limits of extreme activity. Journal of Space Weather and Space Climate, 3, A31. https://doi.org/10.1051/swsc/2013053
Cliver, E.W., Hayakawa, H., Love, J.J. & Neidig, D.F. (2020) On the size of the flare associated with the solar proton event in 774 AD. The Astrophysical Journal, 903, 41. https://doi. org/10.3847/1538-4357/abad93
Cliver, E.W. & Svalgaard, L. (2004) The 1859 solar-terrestrial disturbance and the current limits of extreme space weather activity. Solar Physics, 224, 407–422. https://doi.org/10.1007/s1120 7-005-4980-z
Daglis, I.A. (2006) Ring current dynamics. Space Science Reviews, 124, 183–202. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-006-9104-z Ebihara, Y., Hayakawa, H., Iwahashi, K., Tamazawa, H., Kawamura, A.D. & Isobe, H. (2017) Possible cause of extremely bright aurora witnessed in East Asia on 17 September 1770. Space Weather, 15, 1373–1382. https://doi.org/10.1002/2017SW001693
Ebihara, Y., Sakanoi, T., Asamura, K., Hirahara, M. & Ieda, A. (2009) Optical and particle observations of type B red aurora. Geophysical Research Letters, 36, L20105. https://doi. org/10.1029/2009GL041037
Gonzalez, W.D., Joselyn, J.A., Kamide, Y., Kroehl, H.W., Rostoker, G., Tsurutani, B.T. et al. (1994) What is a geomagnetic storm? Journal of Geophysical Research, 99, 5771–5792. https://doi. org/10.1029/93JA02867
Harang, L. (1956) Height distribution of auroral emissions. Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics, 9, 157–159. https://doi. org/10.1016/0021-9169(56)90176-3
Hata, H. (2000) The results of the Kiso observatory color filming project. Astronomical Herald, 93, 626–633 [in Japanese].
Hathaway, D.H. (2015) The solar cycle. Living Reviews in Solar Physics, 12, 4. https://doi.org/10.1007/lrsp-2015-4
Hayakawa, H., Blake, S.P., Bhaskar, A., Hattori, K., Oliveira, D.M. & Ebihara, Y. (2021) The extreme space weather event in 1941 February/March. The Astrophysical Journal, 908, 209. https:// doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/abb772
Hayakawa, H., Ebihara, Y., Cliver, E.W., Hattori, K., Toriumi, S., Love, J.J. et al. (2019a) The extreme space weather event in September 1909. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 484, 4083–4099. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/ sty3196
Hayakawa, H., Ebihara, Y., Pevtsov, A.A., Bhaskar, A., Karachik, N. & Oliveira, D.M. (2020) Intensity and time series of extreme solarterrestrial storm in 1946 March. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 497, 5507–5517. https://doi.org/10.1093/ mnras/staa1508
Hayakawa, H., Ebihara, Y., Willis, D.M., Toriumi, S., Iju, T., Hattori, K. et al. (2019b) Temporal and spatial evolutions of a large sunspot group and great auroral storms around the Carrington event in 1859. Space Weather, 17, 1553–1569. https://doi. org/10.1029/2019SW002269
Hayakawa, H., Hattori, K., Pevtsov, A.A., Ebihara, Y., Shea, M.A., McCracken, K.G. et al. (2021) The intensity and evolution of the extreme solar and geomagnetic storms in 1938 January. The Astrophysical Journal, 909, 197. https://doi. org/10.3847/1538-4357/abc427
Hirosaka, T. (1958) On the great enhancement of the line [OI] 6300 in the aurora at Niigata on February 11, 1958. Report of Ionosphere and Space Research in Japan, 12, 469–471.
Hunten, D.M. (2006) Sunlit aurora and the N 2 + ion: a personal perspective. Planetary and Space Science, 51, 887–890. https://doi. org/10.1016/S0032-0633(03)00079-5
Huruhata, M. (1956) Observations of airglows and aurorae. Astronomical Herald, 49, 139–140 [in Japanese].
Huruhata, M. (1957) Auroral observations during the international geophysical year. Astronomical Herald, 50, 10–12 [in Japanese].
Huruhata, M. (1958) Aurora and airglow observations on February 11, 1958. Report of Ionosphere and Space Research in Japan, 12, 40–41.
Huruhata, M. (1960) IV. Aurora and airglow. Japanese Contribution to the International Geophysical Year 1957/8, 2, 44–54.
JMA (1957a) Special weather. Geophysical Review, 691, 32–35.
JMA (1957b) Special weather. Geophysical Review, 695, 43.
JMA (1957c) Special weather. Geophysical Review, 697, 31–34.
JMA (1958a) Special weather. Geophysical Review, 702, 29–41.
JMA (1958b) Special weather. Geophysical Review, 702, 90–92.
Kakioka Magnetic Observatory (1969) Report of the auroras observed at Memambetsu through 1958 and 1960. Report of the Geomagnetic and Geoelectric Observations, 8, 109–130.
Kataoka, R. & Kazama, S. (2019) A watercolor painting of northern lights seen above Japan on 11 February 1958. Journal of Space Weather and Space Climate, 9, A28. https://doi.org/10.1051/ swsc/2019027
Kataoka, R., Uchino, S., Fujiwara, Y., Fujita, S. & Yamamoto, K. (2019) Fan-shaped aurora as seen from Japan during a great magnetic storm on February 11, 1958. Journal of Space Weather and Space Climate, 9, A16. https://doi.org/10.1051/swsc/2019013
Klekociuk, A.R. & Burns, G.B. (1995) Parameters of the O(1S) excitation process deduced from photometer measurements of pulsating aurora. Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics, 57, 1799–1814. https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9169(95)00099-N
Knipp, D.J., Bernstein, V., Wahl, K. & Hayakawa, H. (2021) Timelines as a tool for learning about space weather storms. Journal of Space Weather and Space Climate, 11, 29. https://doi. org/10.1051/swsc/2021011
Kozyra, J.U., Nagy, A.F. & Slater, D.W. (1997) High-altitude energy source(s) for stable auroral red arcs. Reviews of Geophysics, 35, 155–190. https://doi.org/10.1029/96RG03194
Lanzerotti, L.J. (2017) Space weather: historical and contemporary perspectives. Space Science Reviews, 212, 1253–1270. https:// doi.org/10.1007/s11214-017-0408-y
Lanzerotti, L.J. & Baker, D.N. (2018) International geophysical year: space weather impacts in February 1958. Space Weather, 16, 775–776. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018SW001839
Lefèvre, L., Vennerstrøm, S., Dumbović, M., Vršnak, B., Sudar, D., Arlt, R. et al. (2016) Detailed analysis of solar data related to historical extreme geomagnetic storms: 1868–2010. Solar Physics, 291, 1483–1531. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11207-016-0892-3
Loewe, C.A. & Prölss, G.W. (1997) Classification and mean behavior of magnetic storms. Journal of Geophysical Research, 102(A7), 14209–14214. https://doi.org/10.1029/96JA04020
MacDonald, E.A., Case, N.A., Clayton, J.H., Hall, M.K., Heavner, M., Lalone, N. et al. (2015) Aurorasaurus: a citizen science platform for viewing and reporting the aurora. Space Weather, 13, 548– 559. https://doi.org/10.1002/2015SW001214
Meng, X., Tsurutani, B.T. & Mannucci, A.J. (2019) The solar and interplanetary causes of superstorms (minimum Dst ≤ -250 nT) during the space age. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, 124, 3926–3948. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JA026425
Muñoz-Jaramillo, A. & Vaquero, J.M. (2019) Visualization of the challenges and limitations of the long-term sunspot number record. Nature Astronomy, 3, 205–211. https://doi.org/10.1038/ s41550-018-0638-2
Nakazawa, Y. (1999) List of the low-latitude auroras observed in Japan. Astronomical Herald, 92, 94–101.
Nicolet, M. (1959) The International Geophysical Year Meetings Annals of the International Geophysical Year, Vol. 2, Chap 7: The CSAGI Western Hemisphere Regional Conference, 16–20 July 1956, Rio de Janeiro. Permagon Press.
Ninomiya, K. (2013) Auroral observations on 1958 February 11 in the meteorological department in the viewpoint of the history of meteorological observations. Tenki, 60, 21–24 [in Japanese].
Odishaw, H. (1958) International geophysical year: the first of a two-part summary of IGY activities covers studies of the sun and upper atmosphere. Science, 128, 1599–1609. https://doi. org/10.1126/science.128.3339.1599
Odishaw, H. (1959) International geophysical year: the second part of a two-part summary of IGY activities covers heat and water, the earth, and data exchange. Science, 129, 14–25. https://doi. org/10.1126/science.129.3340.14
Omholt, A. (1962) Velocities of very active auroral rays. Planetary and Space Science, 9, 285–286. https://doi. org/10.1016/0032-0633(62)90163-0
Omholt, A. (1971) The Optical Aurora. Berlin: Springer.
Owens, M.J., Lockwood, M., Barnard, L.A., Scott, C.J., Haines, C. & Macneil, A. (2021) Extreme space-weather events and the solar cycle. Solar Physics, 296, 82. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11207- 021-01831-3
Rees, M.H., Walker, J.C.G. & Dalgarno, A. (1967) Auroral excitation of the forbidden lines of atomic oxygen. Planetary and Space Science, 15, 1097–1110. https://doi.org/10.1016/0032-0633(67)90096-7
Rich, F.J. & Denig, W.F. (1992) The major magnetic storm of March 13–14, 1989 and associated ionosphere effects. Canadian Journal of Physics, 70, 510–525. https://doi.org/10.1139/p92-086
Riley, P., Baker, D., Liu, Y.D., Verronen, P., Singer, H. & Güdel, M. (2018) Extreme space weather events: from cradle to grave.
Space Science Reviews, 214, 21. https://doi.org/10.1007/s1121 4-017-0456-3 Rishbeth, H., Shea, M.A. & Smart, D.F. (2009) The solar-terrestrial event of 23 February 1956. Advances in Space Research, 44, 1096–1106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2009.06.020 Rivera-Terrezas, L. & Gonzalez, C.G. (1964) La Rafaga Solar del Dia 9 de Febrero de 1958. Boletin De Los Observatorios De Tonantzintla Y Tacubaya, 3, 325–330. Roach, F.E., Moore, J.G., Bruner Jr, E.C., Cronin, H. & Silverman,
S.M. (1960) The Height of Maximum Luminosity in an Auroral Arc. Journal of Geophysical Research, 65, 3575–3580. https:// doi.org/10.1029/JZ065i011p03575
Saito, B., Kiyama, Y. & Takahashi, T. (1994) Spectral characteristics of low-latitude auroras observed from Japan on February 11, 1958 and on May 10, 1992. Journal of Geomagnetism and Geoelectricity, 46, 253–262. https://doi.org/10.5636/jgg.46.253
Shiokawa, K., Ogawa, T. & Kamide, Y. (2005) Low-latitude auroras observed in Japan: 1999–2004. Journal of Geophysical Research:
Space Physics, 110, A05202. https://doi.org/10.1029/2004J A010706
Shiokawa, K., Otsuka, Y. & Connors, M. (2019) Statistical study of auroral/resonant-scattering 427.8-nm emission observed at subauroral latitudes over 14 years. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, 124, 9293–9301. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019J A026704
Silverman, S.M. (1995) Low latitude auroras: the storm of 25 September 1909. Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics, 57, 673–685. https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9169(94)E0012-C
Silverman, S.M. (2003) Sporadic auroras. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, 108(A4), 8011. https://doi. org/10.1029/2002JA009335
Silverman, S.M. (2006) Comparison of the aurora of September 1/2, 1859 with other great auroras. Advances in Space Research, 38, 136–144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2005.03.157
Stanislawska, I., Gulyaeva, T.L., Grynyshyna-Poliuga, O. & Pustovalova, L.V. (2018) Ionospheric weather during five extreme geomagnetic superstorms since IGY deduced with the instantaneous global maps GIM-foF2. Space Weather, 16, 2068– 2078. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018SW001945
Stephenson, F.R., Willis, D.M., Hayakawa, H., Ebihara, Y., Scott, C.J., Wilkinson, J. et al. (2019) Do the Chinese astronomical records dated AD 776 January 12/13 describe an auroral display or a Lunar Halo? A critical re-examination. Solar Physics, 294, 36. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11207-019-1425-7
Sullivan, W. (1961) Assault on the Unknown. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Thébault, E., Finlay, C.C., Beggan, C.D. et al. (2015) International geomagnetic reference field: the 12th generation. Earth, Planets and Space, 67, 79. https://doi.org/10.1186/s4062 3-015-0228-9
Tinsley, B.A., Rohrbaugh, R.P., Rassoul, H., Barker, E.S., Cochran, A.L., Cochran, W.D. et al. (1984) Spectral characteristics of two types of low latitude aurorae. Geophysical Research Letters, 11, 572–575. https://doi.org/10.1029/GL011i006p00572
Tsurutani, B.T., Gonzalez, W.D., Lakhina, G.S. & Alex, S. (2003) The extreme magnetic storm of 1–2 September 1859. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, 108(A7), 1268. https://doi. org/10.1029/2002JA009504
Usoskin, I., Koldobskiy, S., Kovaltsov, G.A., Gil, A., Usoskina, I., Willamo, T. et al. (2020b) Revised GLE database: fluences of solar energetic particles as measured by the neutron-monitor network since 1956. Astronomy & Astrophysics, 640, A17. https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202038272
Usoskin, I.G., Koldobskiy, S.A., Kovaltsov, G.A., Rozanov, E.V., Sukhodolov, T.V., Mishev, A.L. et al. (2020a) Revisited reference solar proton event of 23 February 1956: assessment of the cosmogenic-isotope method sensitivity to extreme solar events. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, 125, e27921. https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JA027921
Vallance Jones, A. (1992) Historical review of great auroras. Canadian Journal of Physics, 70, 479–487.
WDC for Geomagnetism at Kyoto, Nose, M., Iyemori, T., Sugiura, M. & Kamei, T. (2015) Geomagnetic Dst index. https://doi. org/10.17593/14515-74000
Willis, D.M., Stephenson, F.R. & Fang, H. (2007) Sporadic aurorae observed in East Asia. Annales Geophysicae, 25, 417–436. https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-25-417-2007
Yokoyama, N., Kamide, Y. & Miyaoka, H. (1998) The size of the auroral belt during magnetic storms. Annales Geophysicae, 16, 566– 573. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00585-998-0566-z