1. Linderman, S. W., Gelberman, R. H., Thomopoulos, S., & Shen, H. (2016). Cell and
Biologic-Based Treatment of Flexor Tendon Injuries. Oper Tech Orthop, 26(3), 206215, doi:10.1053/j.oto.2016.06.011.
2. Ootes, D., Lambers, K. T., & Ring, D. C. (2012). The epidemiology of upper extremity
injuries presenting to the emergency department in the United States. Hand (N Y),
7(1), 18-22, doi:10.1007/s11552-011-9383-z.
3. Tuncali, D., Yavuz, N., Terzioglu, A., & Aslan, G. (2005). The rate of upper-extremity
deep-structure injuries through small penetrating lacerations. Ann Plast Surg,
55(2), 146-148, doi:10.1097/01.sap.0000168884.88016.e1.
4. Newmeyer, W. L., 3rd, & Manske, P. R. (2004). No man's land revisited: the primary
flexor tendon repair controversy. J Hand Surg Am, 29(1), 1-5, doi:10.1016/s03635023(03)00381-2.
5. Lundborg, G. (1976). Experimental flexor tendon healing without adhesion formation--a
new concept of tendon nutrition and intrinsic healing mechanisms. A preliminary
report. Hand, 8(3), 235-238, doi:10.1016/0072-968x(76)90007-3.
6. Lundborg, G., Myrhage, R., & Rydevik, B. (1977). The vascularization of human flexor
tendons within the digital synovial sheath region--structureal and functional
aspects. J Hand Surg Am, 2(6), 417-427, doi:10.1016/s0363-5023(77)80022-1.
7. Lundborg, G., & Rank, F. (1978). Experimental intrinsic healing of flexor tendons based
upon synovial fluid nutrition. J Hand Surg Am, 3(1), 21-31, doi:10.1016/s03635023(78)80114-2.
8. Hunter, J. M. (1984). Anatomy of flexor tendons—pulley, vincular, synovia, and vascular
71
structures (3rd ed., Kaplan's functional and surgical anatomy of the hand).
Philadelphia: JB Lippincott.
9. McDonald, E., Gordon, J. A., Buckley, J. M., & Gordon, L. (2011). Comparison of a new
multifilament stainless steel suture with frequently used sutures for flexor tendon
repair. J Hand Surg Am, 36(6), 1028-1034, doi:10.1016/j.jhsa.2011.03.033.
10. Miller, B., Dodds, S. D., deMars, A., Zagoreas, N., Waitayawinyu, T., & Trumble, T. E.
(2007). Flexor tendon repairs: the impact of fiberwire on grasping and locking core
sutures. J Hand Surg Am, 32(5), 591-596, doi:10.1016/j.jhsa.2007.03.003.
11. Su, B. W., Protopsaltis, T. S., Koff, M. F., Chang, K. P., Strauch, R. J., Crow, S. A., et al.
(2005). The biomechanical analysis of a tendon fixation device for flexor tendon
repair. J Hand Surg Am, 30(2), 237-245, doi:10.1016/j.jhsa.2004.07.020.
12. Al-Qattan, M. M., Al-Rakan, M. A., & Al-Hassan, T. S. (2011). A biomechanical study of
flexor tendon repair in zone II: comparing a combined grasping and locking core
suture technique to its grasping and locking components. Injury, 42(11), 1300-1302,
doi:10.1016/j.injury.2011.02.002.
13. Peltz, T. S., Haddad, R., Scougall, P. J., Nicklin, S., Gianoutsos, M. P., & Walsh, W. R.
(2011). Influence of locking stitch size in a four-strand cross-locked cruciate flexor
tendon repair. J Hand Surg Am, 36(3), 450-455, doi:10.1016/j.jhsa.2010.11.029.
14. Chesney, A., Chauhan, A., Kattan, A., Farrokhyar, F., & Thoma, A. (2011). Systematic
review of flexor tendon rehabilitation protocols in zone II of the hand. Plast
Reconstr Surg, 127(4), 1583-1592, doi:10.1097/PRS.0b013e318208d28e.
15. Trumble, T. E., Vedder, N. B., Seiler, J. G., 3rd, Hanel, D. P., Diao, E., & Pettrone, S.
(2010). Zone-II flexor tendon repair: a randomized prospective trial of active placeand-hold therapy compared with passive motion therapy. J Bone Joint Surg Am,
72
92(6), 1381-1389, doi:10.2106/JBJS.H.00927.
16. Dy, C. J., Hernandez-Soria, A., Ma, Y., Roberts, T. R., & Daluiski, A. (2012).
Complications after flexor tendon repair: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J
Hand Surg Am, 37(3), 543-551 e541, doi:10.1016/j.jhsa.2011.11.006.
17. Tang, J. B. (2005). Clinical outcomes associated with flexor tendon repair. Hand Clin,
21(2), 199-210, doi:10.1016/j.hcl.2004.11.005.
18. van Kampen, R. J. A., P.C. (2012). Anatomy of the tendon system of the hand. In J. B.
Tang (Ed.), Tendon Surgery of the Hand. Philadelphia: Elsevier.
19. Seiler III, J. G. (2017). Flexor Tendon Injury. In S. W. Wolfe (Ed.), Green's operative
hand surgery (7th ed.). Piladelphia: Elsevier.
20. Juncosa-Melvin, N., Boivin, G. P., Gooch, C., Galloway, M. T., West, J. R., Dunn, M. G.,
et al. (2006). The effect of autologous mesenchymal stem cells on the biomechanics
and histology of gel-collagen sponge constructs used for rabbit patellar tendon
repair. Tissue Eng, 12(2), 369-379, doi:10.1089/ten.2006.12.369.
21. Martinello, T., Bronzini, I., Perazzi, A., Testoni, S., De Benedictis, G. M., Negro, A., et al.
(2013). Effects of in vivo applications of peripheral blood-derived mesenchymal
stromal cells (PB-MSCs) and platlet-rich plasma (PRP) on experimentally injured
deep digital flexor tendons of sheep. J Orthop Res, 31(2), 306-314,
doi:10.1002/jor.22205.
22. Morizaki, Y., Zhao, C., An, K. N., & Amadio, P. C. (2010). The effects of platelet-rich
plasma on bone marrow stromal cell transplants for tendon healing in vitro. J Hand
Surg Am, 35(11), 1833-1841, doi:10.1016/j.jhsa.2010.07.034.
23. Zhao, C., Chieh, H. F., Bakri, K., Ikeda, J., Sun, Y. L., Moran, S. L., et al. (2009). The
effects of bone marrow stromal cell transplants on tendon healing in vitro. Med Eng
73
Phys, 31(10), 1271-1275, doi:10.1016/j.medengphy.2009.08.004.
24. Guyette, J. P., Fakharzadeh, M., Burford, E. J., Tao, Z. W., Pins, G. D., Rolle, M. W., et
al. (2013). A novel suture-based method for efficient transplantation of stem cells. J
Biomed Mater Res A, 101(3), 809-818, doi:10.1002/jbm.a.34386.
25. Zurita, M., Otero, L., Aguayo, C., Bonilla, C., Ferreira, E., Parajon, A., et al. (2010). Cell
therapy for spinal cord repair: optimization of biologic scaffolds for survival and
neural differentiation of human bone marrow stromal cells. Cytotherapy, 12(4), 522537, doi:10.3109/14653241003615164.
26. Young, R. G., Butler, D. L., Weber, W., Caplan, A. I., Gordon, S. L., & Fink, D. J. (1998).
Use of mesenchymal stem cells in a collagen matrix for Achilles tendon repair. J
Orthop Res, 16(4), 406-413, doi:10.1002/jor.1100160403.
27. Breen, A., O'Brien, T., & Pandit, A. (2009). Fibrin as a delivery system for therapeutic
drugs and biomolecules. Tissue Eng Part B Rev, 15(2), 201-214,
doi:10.1089/ten.TEB.2008.0527.
28. Ozasa Y, G. A., Thoreson AR, An KN, Zhao C, Amadio PC. A Comparative Study of the
Effects of Muscle-Derived Stem Cell Seeded Fibrin Gel and Collagen Gel
Interposition in an In Vitro Tendon Healing Model. In
Proceeding of American
Society for Surgery of the Hand 2014 Annual Meeting., 2014
29. Prockop, D. J., Sekiya, I., & Colter, D. C. (2001). Isolation and characterization of
rapidly self-renewing stem cells from cultures of human marrow stromal cells.
Cytotherapy, 3(5), 393-396, doi:10.1080/146532401753277229.
30. Liechty, K. W., MacKenzie, T. C., Shaaban, A. F., Radu, A., Moseley, A. M., Deans, R., et
al. (2000). Human mesenchymal stem cells engraft and demonstrate site-specific
differentiation after in utero transplantation in sheep. Nat Med, 6(11), 1282-1286,
74
doi:10.1038/81395.
31. Kryger, G. S., Chong, A. K., Costa, M., Pham, H., Bates, S. J., & Chang, J. (2007). A
comparison of tenocytes and mesenchymal stem cells for use in flexor tendon tissue
engineering. J Hand Surg Am, 32(5), 597-605, doi:10.1016/j.jhsa.2007.02.018.
32. Awad, H. A., Boivin, G. P., Dressler, M. R., Smith, F. N., Young, R. G., & Butler, D. L.
(2003). Repair of patellar tendon injuries using a cell-collagen composite. J Orthop
Res, 21(3), 420-431, doi:10.1016/S0736-0266(02)00163-8.
33. Sato, D., Takahara, M., Narita, A., Yamakawa, J., Hashimoto, J., Ishikawa, H., et al.
(2012). Effect of platelet-rich plasma with fibrin matrix on healing of intrasynovial
flexor tendons. J Hand Surg Am, 37(7), 1356-1363, doi:10.1016/j.jhsa.2012.04.020.
34. Hankemeier, S., van Griensven, M., Ezechieli, M., Barkhausen, T., Austin, M.,
Jagodzinski, M., et al. (2007). Tissue engineering of tendons and ligaments by
human bone marrow stromal cells in a liquid fibrin matrix in immunodeficient rats:
results of a histologic study. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg, 127(9), 815-821,
doi:10.1007/s00402-007-0366-z.
35. de la Puente, P., & Ludena, D. (2014). Cell culture in autologous fibrin scaffolds for
applications in tissue engineering. Exp Cell Res, 322(1), 1-11,
doi:10.1016/j.yexcr.2013.12.017.
36. Aoyagi, Y., Kuroda, M., Asada, S., Bujo, H., Tanaka, S., Konno, S., et al. (2011). Fibrin
glue increases the cell survival and the transduced gene product secretion of the
ceiling culture-derived adipocytes transplanted in mice. Exp Mol Med, 43(3), 161167, doi:10.3858/emm.2011.43.3.021.
37. Byrne, D. J., Hardy, J., Wood, R. A., McIntosh, R., & Cuschieri, A. (1991). Effect of fibrin
glues on the mechanical properties of healing wounds. Br J Surg, 78(7), 841-843,
75
doi:10.1002/bjs.1800780723.
38. Murakami, M., Tono, T., Okada, K., Yano, H., & Monden, T. (2009). Fibrin glue injection
method with diluted thrombin for refractory postoperative digestive fistula. Am J
Surg, 198(5), 715-719, doi:10.1016/j.amjsurg.2008.10.026.
39. Portilla-de Buen, E., Orozco-Mosqueda, A., Leal-Cortes, C., Vazquez-Camacho, G.,
Fuentes-Orozco, C., Alvarez-Villasenor, A. S., et al. (2014). Fibrinogen and thrombin
concentrations are critical for fibrin glue adherence in rat high-risk colon
anastomoses. Clinics (Sao Paulo), 69(4), 259-264, doi:10.6061/clinics/2014(04)07.
40. Yoshida, H., Hirozane, K., & Kamiya, A. (2000). Adhesive strength of autologous fibrin
glue. Biol Pharm Bull, 23(3), 313-317, doi:10.1248/bpb.23.313.
41. Kim, I., Lee, S. K., Yoon, J. I., Kim, D. E., Kim, M., & Ha, H. (2013). Fibrin glue
improves the therapeutic effect of MSCs by sustaining survival and paracrine
function. Tissue Eng Part A, 19(21-22), 2373-2381, doi:10.1089/ten.TEA.2012.0665.
42. Ikeda, J., Zhao, C., Moran, S. L., An, K. N., & Amadio, P. C. (2010). Effects of synovial
interposition on healing in a canine tendon explant culture model. J Hand Surg Am,
35(7), 1153-1159, doi:10.1016/j.jhsa.2010.03.023.
43. Dingal, P. C., & Discher, D. E. (2014). Combining insoluble and soluble factors to steer
stem cell fate. Nat Mater, 13(6), 532-537, doi:10.1038/nmat3997.
44. Engler, A. J., Sen, S., Sweeney, H. L., & Discher, D. E. (2006). Matrix elasticity directs
stem cell lineage specification. Cell, 126(4), 677-689, doi:10.1016/j.cell.2006.06.044.
45. Gugerell, A., Schossleitner, K., Wolbank, S., Nurnberger, S., Redl, H., Gulle, H., et al.
(2012). High thrombin concentrations in fibrin sealants induce apoptosis in human
keratinocytes. J Biomed Mater Res A, 100(5), 1239-1247, doi:10.1002/jbm.a.34007.
46. Huleihel, L., Ben-Yehudah, A., Milosevic, J., Yu, G., Pandit, K., Sakamoto, K., et al.
76
(2014). Let-7d microRNA affects mesenchymal phenotypic properties of lung
fibroblasts. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol, 306(6), L534-542,
doi:10.1152/ajplung.00149.2013.
47. Schuind, F., Garcia-Elias, M., Cooney, W. P., 3rd, & An, K. N. (1992). Flexor tendon
forces: in vivo measurements. J Hand Surg Am, 17(2), 291-298, doi:10.1016/03635023(92)90408-h.
48. Cannon, N. M. (2020). Therapy management of flexor tendon injuries and repairs (7th
ed., Rehabilitation of the hand and upper extremity): Elsevier Health Sciences.
49. Cox, S., Cole, M., & Tawil, B. (2004). Behavior of human dermal fibroblasts in threedimensional fibrin clots: dependence on fibrinogen and thrombin concentration.
Tissue Eng, 10(5-6), 942-954, doi:10.1089/1076327041348392.
50. Te Boekhorst, V., Preziosi, L., & Friedl, P. (2016). Plasticity of Cell Migration In Vivo
and In Silico. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol, 32, 491-526, doi:10.1146/annurev-cellbio111315-125201.
51. Clegg, P. D., Strassburg, S., & Smith, R. K. (2007). Cell phenotypic variation in normal
and damaged tendons. Int J Exp Pathol, 88(4), 227-235, doi:10.1111/j.13652613.2007.00549.x.
52. Lavagnino, M., Wall, M. E., Little, D., Banes, A. J., Guilak, F., & Arnoczky, S. P. (2015).
Tendon mechanobiology: Current knowledge and future research opportunities. J
Orthop Res, 33(6), 813-822, doi:10.1002/jor.22871.
53. Deans, R. J., & Moseley, A. B. (2000). Mesenchymal stem cells: biology and potential
clinical uses. Exp Hematol, 28(8), 875-884, doi:10.1016/s0301-472x(00)00482-3.
54. Ho, W., Tawil, B., Dunn, J. C., & Wu, B. M. (2006). The behavior of human mesenchymal
stem cells in 3D fibrin clots: dependence on fibrinogen concentration and clot
77
structure. Tissue Eng, 12(6), 1587-1595, doi:10.1089/ten.2006.12.1587.
55. Zhu, X., & Assoian, R. K. (1995). Integrin-dependent activation of MAP kinase: a link to
shape-dependent cell proliferation. Mol Biol Cell, 6(3), 273-282,
doi:10.1091/mbc.6.3.273.
56. Kim, B. S., Kim, J. S., & Lee, J. (2013). Improvements of osteoblast adhesion,
proliferation, and differentiation in vitro via fibrin network formation in collagen
sponge scaffold. J Biomed Mater Res A, 101(9), 2661-2666, doi:10.1002/jbm.a.34567.
57. Karp, J. M., Sarraf, F., Shoichet, M. S., & Davies, J. E. (2004). Fibrin-filled scaffolds for
bone-tissue engineering: An in vivo study. J Biomed Mater Res A, 71(1), 162-171,
doi:10.1002/jbm.a.30147.
58. Hing, K. A. (2004). Bone repair in the twenty-first century: biology, chemistry or
engineering? Philos Trans A Math Phys Eng Sci, 362(1825), 2821-2850,
doi:10.1098/rsta.2004.1466.
59. Karageorgiou, V., & Kaplan, D. (2005). Porosity of 3D biomaterial scaffolds and
osteogenesis. Biomaterials, 26(27), 5474-5491,
doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2005.02.002.
60. Ozasa, Y., Gingery, A., & Amadio, P. C. (2015). Muscle-derived stem cell seeded fibrin gel
interposition produces greater tendon strength and stiffness than collagen gel in
vitro. J Hand Surg Eur Vol, 40(7), 747-749, doi:10.1177/1753193414568780.
61. Leddy, H. A., Awad, H. A., & Guilak, F. (2004). Molecular diffusion in tissue-engineered
cartilage constructs: effects of scaffold material, time, and culture conditions. J
Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater, 70(2), 397-406, doi:10.1002/jbm.b.30053.
62. Tang, J. B., Xie, R.G. (2012). Biomechanics of core and peripheral tendon repairs
(Tendon surgery of the hand). Philadelphia: Saunders.
78
63. Xu, N. M., Brown, P. J., Plate, J. F., Nazir, O. F., Gluck, G. S., Stitzel, J. D., et al. (2013).
Fibrin glue augmentation for flexor tendon repair increases friction compared with
epitendinous suture. J Hand Surg Am, 38(12), 2329-2334,
doi:10.1016/j.jhsa.2013.10.010.
64. Sun, Y. L., Yang, C., Amadio, P. C., Zhao, C., Zobitz, M. E., & An, K. N. (2004). Reducing
friction by chemically modifying the surface of extrasynovial tendon grafts. J
Orthop Res, 22(5), 984-989, doi:10.1016/j.orthres.2004.02.005.
65. Taguchi, M., Sun, Y. L., Zhao, C., Zobitz, M. E., Cha, C. J., Jay, G. D., et al. (2008).
Lubricin surface modification improves extrasynovial tendon gliding in a canine
model in vitro. J Bone Joint Surg Am, 90(1), 129-135, doi:10.2106/JBJS.G.00045.
66. Tanaka, T., Zhao, C., Sun, Y. L., Zobitz, M. E., An, K. N., & Amadio, P. C. (2007). The
effect of carbodiimide-derivatized hyaluronic acid and gelatin surface modification
on peroneus longus tendon graft in a short-term canine model in vivo. J Hand Surg
Am, 32(6), 876-881, doi:10.1016/j.jhsa.2007.03.007.
67. Zhao, C., Sun, Y. L., Amadio, P. C., Tanaka, T., Ettema, A. M., & An, K. N. (2006).
Surface treatment of flexor tendon autografts with carbodiimide-derivatized
hyaluronic Acid. An in vivo canine model. J Bone Joint Surg Am, 88(10), 2181-2191,
doi:10.2106/JBJS.E.00871.
68. Tanaka, T., Amadio, P. C., Zhao, C., Zobitz, M. E., Yang, C., & An, K. N. (2004). Gliding
characteristics and gap formation for locking and grasping tendon repairs: a
biomechanical study in a human cadaver model. J Hand Surg Am, 29(1), 6-14,
doi:10.1016/j.jhsa.2003.09.017.
69. Lin, G. T., An, K. N., Amadio, P. C., & Cooney, W. P., 3rd (1988). Biomechanical studies
of running suture for flexor tendon repair in dogs. J Hand Surg Am, 13(4), 553-558,
79
doi:10.1016/s0363-5023(88)80094-7.
70. Moriya, T., Zhao, C., An, K. N., & Amadio, P. C. (2010). The effect of epitendinous suture
technique on gliding resistance during cyclic motion after flexor tendon repair: a
cadaveric study. J Hand Surg Am, 35(4), 552-558, doi:10.1016/j.jhsa.2009.12.025.
71. Uchiyama, S., Amadio, P. C., Ishikawa, J., & An, K. N. (1997). Boundary lubrication
between the tendon and the pulley in the finger. J Bone Joint Surg Am, 79(2), 213218.
72. Rees, S. G., Davies, J. R., Tudor, D., Flannery, C. R., Hughes, C. E., Dent, C. M., et al.
(2002). Immunolocalisation and expression of proteoglycan 4 (cartilage superficial
zone proteoglycan) in tendon. Matrix Biol, 21(7), 593-602, doi:10.1016/s0945053x(02)00056-2.
73. Sun, Y., Berger, E. J., Zhao, C., Jay, G. D., An, K. N., & Amadio, P. C. (2006). Expression
and mapping of lubricin in canine flexor tendon. J Orthop Res, 24(9), 1861-1868,
doi:10.1002/jor.20239.
74. Momose, T., Amadio, P. C., Sun, Y. L., Zhao, C., Zobitz, M. E., Harrington, J. R., et al.
(2002). Surface modification of extrasynovial tendon by chemically modified
hyaluronic acid coating. J Biomed Mater Res, 59(2), 219-224, doi:10.1002/jbm.1235.
75. Taguchi, M., Zhao, C., Sun, Y. L., Jay, G. D., An, K. N., & Amadio, P. C. (2009). The effect
of surface treatment using hyaluronic acid and lubricin on the gliding resistance of
human extrasynovial tendons in vitro. J Hand Surg Am, 34(7), 1276-1281,
doi:10.1016/j.jhsa.2009.04.011.
76. Taguchi, M., Sun, Y. L., Zhao, C., Zobitz, M. E., Cha, C. J., Jay, G. D., et al. (2009).
Lubricin surface modification improves tendon gliding after tendon repair in a
canine model in vitro. J Orthop Res, 27(2), 257-263, doi:10.1002/jor.20731.
80
77. Zhao, C., Sun, Y. L., Kirk, R. L., Thoreson, A. R., Jay, G. D., Moran, S. L., et al. (2010).
Effects of a lubricin-containing compound on the results of flexor tendon repair in a
canine model in vivo. J Bone Joint Surg Am, 92(6), 1453-1461,
doi:10.2106/JBJS.I.00765.
78. Coert, J. H., Uchiyama, S., Amadio, P. C., Berglund, L. J., & An, K. N. (1995). Flexor
tendon-pulley interaction after tendon repair. A biomechanical study. J Hand Surg
Br, 20(5), 573-577, doi:10.1016/s0266-7681(05)80113-5.
79. Uchiyama, S., Coert, J. H., Berglund, L., Amadio, P. C., & An, K. N. (1995). Method for
the measurement of friction between tendon and pulley. J Orthop Res, 13(1), 83-89,
doi:10.1002/jor.1100130113.
80. Lieber, R. L., Amiel, D., Kaufman, K. R., Whitney, J., & Gelberman, R. H. (1996).
Relationship between joint motion and flexor tendon force in the canine forelimb. J
Hand Surg Am, 21(6), 957-962, doi:10.1016/S0363-5023(96)80299-1.
81. Uchiyama, S., Amadio, P. C., Coert, J. H., Berglund, L. J., & An, K. N. (1997). Gliding
resistance of extrasynovial and intrasynovial tendons through the A2 pulley. J Bone
Joint Surg Am, 79(2), 219-224, doi:10.2106/00004623-199702000-00009.
82. Zhao, C., Amadio, P. C., Zobitz, M. E., & An, K. N. (2001). Gliding characteristics of
tendon repair in canine flexor digitorum profundus tendons. J Orthop Res, 19(4),
580-586, doi:10.1016/S0736-0266(00)00055-3.
83. Silva, J. M., Zhao, C., An, K. N., Zobitz, M. E., & Amadio, P. C. (2009). Gliding resistance
and strength of composite sutures in human flexor digitorum profundus tendon
repair: an in vitro biomechanical study. J Hand Surg Am, 34(1), 87-92,
doi:10.1016/j.jhsa.2008.09.020.
84. Ishiyama, N., Moro, T., Ohe, T., Miura, T., Ishihara, K., Konno, T., et al. (2011).
81
Reduction of Peritendinous adhesions by hydrogel containing biocompatible
phospholipid polymer MPC for tendon repair. J Bone Joint Surg Am, 93(2), 142-149,
doi:10.2106/JBJS.I.01634.
82
...