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都市近郊の草地に生息するバッタ類の分布の規定要因と保全への提言

中島, 一豪 東京大学 DOI:10.15083/0002006546

2023.03.24

概要





















中島

一豪

我が国の草原生態系の多くは、最終氷期以降のさまざまな人為的攪乱によっ
て維持されてきた。しかし現在、開発や放棄によってその面積は明治初頭の約
10 分の 1 にまで減少し、多くの草原性生物の絶滅が危惧されている。都市部と
農村の中間に位置する郊外地域には、半自然草地に加え、造成跡地、農用地周辺
などに複数タイプの二次草地が存在している。これらは平野部に生息する草原
性生物の数少ない生息地として機能している。本研究では、草地環境に依存した
植食者の代表であるバッタ類を対象に、それらの分布とその規定要因を解明す
ることで、都市近郊における保全優先度の高い二次草地を抽出し、有効な保全管
理手法を明らかにすることを目的に研究を行われ、序論と4章および総合考察
から成っている。
序論に続く第2章では、千葉県北総の台地に点在する 5 タイプの草地(半自
然草地、造成跡地・休耕畑地、畑地の縁、水田畦畔の草地)を対象に、草本植物
とバッタ類の網羅的な調査を行い、草原性植物とバッタ類の分布の対応関係を
調べた。その結果、バッタ類は生息地スペシャリストとジェネラリストに区分さ
れ、生息地スペシャリストは半自然草地と造成跡地に分布が制限されていた。ま
たその分布は、希少種を含む草原性植物の分布とほぼ一致した。これは、中程度
の管理圧によって、好適な餌資源と空間構造が草地内に創出されたことが原因
と推測された。
第 3 章では、半自然草地と造成跡地内に生息する生息地スペシャリスト 2 種
および生息地ジェネラリスト 3 種を対象に、生息地内の植生構造や生息地の維
持年数・周辺の景観要素に対する応答を比較した。その結果、各環境要因への応
答は対象種各種で異なった。局所環境への応答は生息地スペシャリスト 2 種間
で顕著に異なり、それぞれ異なるマイクロハビタットを利用していることが明
らかとなった。また、生息地スペシャリスト種のクルマバッタは草地の維持年数
に対して正に応答し、造成跡地への移入の遅れが示唆された。景観要素への応答
は、生息地スペシャリストが生息地ジェネラリストに比べ、より狭い 100m 以
内の半自然草地と造成跡地の面積率に正の、森林率に負の応答を示した。さらに、

生息地スペシャリスト種のクルマバッタの個体数は、500m~1km 以内の空間ス
ケールにおける良好な生息地の集中的な分布に正の応答を示した。従って、生息
地スペシャリスト種の個体数の底上げには、近隣の生息地との連結性(移動しや
すさ)に加えて、より広いスケールの生息地パッチの配置が重要であることが示
唆された。
第 4 章では、バッタ類の分布を規定するメカニズムを解明するため、餌植物
に対するパフォーマンスを飼育実験で明らかにした。生息地スペシャリストと
生息地ジェネラリストのバッタ類各 2 種を対象に、イネ科草本の中から、半自
然草地・造成跡地と農用地で優占する計 6 種のイネ科植物を餌として与え、バ
ッタ類の生存率と成長率を比較している。その結果、生息地スペシャリストのう
ち一方の種は、半自然草地・造成跡地の指標植物種を与えた場合に生存率・成長
率ともに高く、餌資源によって分布が規定されることが示されたが、もう一方の
種は与えたイネ科間で差は確認されなかった。生息地ジェネラリストでは、概ね
どの種でも高い生存率と成長率を示した。
総合考察では、上記の結果を基に、都市近郊に存在する二次草地の保全への提
言を行った。二次草地の環境指標として、これまでバッタ類の積極的な活用は行
われてこなかったが、生息地スペシャリストのバッタ類は植物よりも迅速に侵
入するため、良好な草地環境の指標として適していることを明らかにしている。
また生息地管理に関しては、草地の画一的な刈り取りではなく、植生高が異なる
異質性をもたらす管理が望ましいことが分かった。さらに、景観スケールでは
100m 以内での生息地の近接性や、1 ㎞程度の空間スケールで草地が集中して存
在することで個体数が底上げされる可能性が示されたことから、都市近郊にお
ける草原性生物の保全には、複数の空間スケールで生息地ネットワークを意識
した保全を行っていく必要があることが示された。
これらの研究成果は、学術上応用上寄与するところが少なくない。よって、審
査委員一同は本論文が博士(農学)の学位論文として価値あるものと認めた。

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